vendor: bump runc to 1.0.0 pre

This is to check if runc 1.0.0 (to be released shortly) works with k8s.

The commands used were (roughly):

	hack/pin-dependency.sh github.com/opencontainers/runc v1.0.0
	hack/lint-dependencies.sh
	# Follow its recommendations.
	hack/pin-dependency.sh github.com/cilium/ebpf v0.6.1
	hack/pin-dependency.sh github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.8.2
	hack/pin-dependency.sh github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.8.1
	# Recheck.
	hack/lint-dependencies.sh
	GO111MODULE=on go mod edit -dropreplace github.com/willf/bitset
	hack/update-vendor.sh
	# Recheck.
	hack/lint-dependencies.sh
	hack/update-internal-modules.sh
	# Recheck.
	hack/lint-dependencies.sh

[v2: rebased, updated runc 3a0234e1fe2e82 -> 2f8e8e9d977500]
[v3: testing master + runc pr 3019]
[v4: updated to 93a01cd4d0b7a0f08a]
[v5: updated to f093cca13d3cf8a484]
[v6: rebased]
[v7: updated to runc v1.0.0]
[v8: rebased]

Signed-off-by: Kir Kolyshkin <kolyshkin@gmail.com>

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -18,6 +18,23 @@ reason about the proposed changes.
 ## Running the tests
 
 Many of the tests require privileges to set resource limits and load eBPF code.
-The easiest way to obtain these is to run the tests with `sudo`:
+The easiest way to obtain these is to run the tests with `sudo`.
+
+To test the current package with your local kernel you can simply run:
+```
+go test -exec sudo  ./...
+```
+
+To test the current package with a different kernel version you can use the [run-tests.sh](run-tests.sh) script.
+It requires [virtme](https://github.com/amluto/virtme) and qemu to be installed.
+
+Examples:
+
+```bash
+# Run all tests on a 5.4 kernel
+./run-tests.sh 5.4
+
+# Run a subset of tests:
+./run-tests.sh 5.4 go test ./link
+```
 
-    sudo go test ./...

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/Makefile

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # The development version of clang is distributed as the 'clang' binary,
 # while stable/released versions have a version number attached.
 # Pin the default clang to a stable version.
-CLANG ?= clang-11
+CLANG ?= clang-12
 CFLAGS := -target bpf -O2 -g -Wall -Werror $(CFLAGS)
 
 # Obtain an absolute path to the directory of the Makefile.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ VERSION := $(shell cat ${REPODIR}/testdata/docker/VERSION)
 TARGETS := \
 	testdata/loader-clang-7 \
 	testdata/loader-clang-9 \
-	testdata/loader-clang-11 \
+	testdata/loader-$(CLANG) \
 	testdata/invalid_map \
 	testdata/raw_tracepoint \
 	testdata/invalid_map_static \
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ TARGETS := \
 docker-all:
 	docker run --rm --user "${UIDGID}" \
 		-v "${REPODIR}":/ebpf -w /ebpf --env MAKEFLAGS \
+		--env CFLAGS="-fdebug-prefix-map=/ebpf=." \
 		"${IMAGE}:${VERSION}" \
 		make all
 
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ clean:
 	-$(RM) internal/btf/testdata/*.elf
 
 all: $(addsuffix -el.elf,$(TARGETS)) $(addsuffix -eb.elf,$(TARGETS))
+	ln -srf testdata/loader-$(CLANG)-el.elf testdata/loader-el.elf
+	ln -srf testdata/loader-$(CLANG)-eb.elf testdata/loader-eb.elf
 
 testdata/loader-%-el.elf: testdata/loader.c
 	$* $(CFLAGS) -mlittle-endian -c $< -o $@

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/asm/instruction.go

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (ins *Instruction) Unmarshal(r io.Reader, bo binary.ByteOrder) (uint64, err
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("can't unmarshal registers: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if !bi.OpCode.isDWordLoad() {
+	if !bi.OpCode.IsDWordLoad() {
 		return InstructionSize, nil
 	}
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func (ins Instruction) Marshal(w io.Writer, bo binary.ByteOrder) (uint64, error)
 		return 0, errors.New("invalid opcode")
 	}
 
-	isDWordLoad := ins.OpCode.isDWordLoad()
+	isDWordLoad := ins.OpCode.IsDWordLoad()
 
 	cons := int32(ins.Constant)
 	if isDWordLoad {
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func (ins Instruction) Marshal(w io.Writer, bo binary.ByteOrder) (uint64, error)
 //
 // Returns an error if the instruction doesn't load a map.
 func (ins *Instruction) RewriteMapPtr(fd int) error {
-	if !ins.OpCode.isDWordLoad() {
+	if !ins.OpCode.IsDWordLoad() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s is not a 64 bit load", ins.OpCode)
 	}
 
@@ -138,15 +138,19 @@ func (ins *Instruction) RewriteMapPtr(fd int) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (ins *Instruction) mapPtr() uint32 {
-	return uint32(uint64(ins.Constant) & math.MaxUint32)
+// MapPtr returns the map fd for this instruction.
+//
+// The result is undefined if the instruction is not a load from a map,
+// see IsLoadFromMap.
+func (ins *Instruction) MapPtr() int {
+	return int(int32(uint64(ins.Constant) & math.MaxUint32))
 }
 
 // RewriteMapOffset changes the offset of a direct load from a map.
 //
 // Returns an error if the instruction is not a direct load.
 func (ins *Instruction) RewriteMapOffset(offset uint32) error {
-	if !ins.OpCode.isDWordLoad() {
+	if !ins.OpCode.IsDWordLoad() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s is not a 64 bit load", ins.OpCode)
 	}
 
@@ -163,10 +167,10 @@ func (ins *Instruction) mapOffset() uint32 {
 	return uint32(uint64(ins.Constant) >> 32)
 }
 
-// isLoadFromMap returns true if the instruction loads from a map.
+// IsLoadFromMap returns true if the instruction loads from a map.
 //
 // This covers both loading the map pointer and direct map value loads.
-func (ins *Instruction) isLoadFromMap() bool {
+func (ins *Instruction) IsLoadFromMap() bool {
 	return ins.OpCode == LoadImmOp(DWord) && (ins.Src == PseudoMapFD || ins.Src == PseudoMapValue)
 }
 
@@ -177,6 +181,12 @@ func (ins *Instruction) IsFunctionCall() bool {
 	return ins.OpCode.JumpOp() == Call && ins.Src == PseudoCall
 }
 
+// IsConstantLoad returns true if the instruction loads a constant of the
+// given size.
+func (ins *Instruction) IsConstantLoad(size Size) bool {
+	return ins.OpCode == LoadImmOp(size) && ins.Src == R0 && ins.Offset == 0
+}
+
 // Format implements fmt.Formatter.
 func (ins Instruction) Format(f fmt.State, c rune) {
 	if c != 'v' {
@@ -197,8 +207,8 @@ func (ins Instruction) Format(f fmt.State, c rune) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if ins.isLoadFromMap() {
-		fd := int32(ins.mapPtr())
+	if ins.IsLoadFromMap() {
+		fd := ins.MapPtr()
 		switch ins.Src {
 		case PseudoMapFD:
 			fmt.Fprintf(f, "LoadMapPtr dst: %s fd: %d", ins.Dst, fd)
@@ -403,7 +413,7 @@ func (insns Instructions) Marshal(w io.Writer, bo binary.ByteOrder) error {
 func (insns Instructions) Tag(bo binary.ByteOrder) (string, error) {
 	h := sha1.New()
 	for i, ins := range insns {
-		if ins.isLoadFromMap() {
+		if ins.IsLoadFromMap() {
 			ins.Constant = 0
 		}
 		_, err := ins.Marshal(h, bo)

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/asm/load_store.go

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func LoadMapPtr(dst Register, fd int) Instruction {
 		OpCode:   LoadImmOp(DWord),
 		Dst:      dst,
 		Src:      PseudoMapFD,
-		Constant: int64(fd),
+		Constant: int64(uint32(fd)),
 	}
 }
 

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/asm/opcode.go

@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ const InvalidOpCode OpCode = 0xff
 // rawInstructions returns the number of BPF instructions required
 // to encode this opcode.
 func (op OpCode) rawInstructions() int {
-	if op.isDWordLoad() {
+	if op.IsDWordLoad() {
 		return 2
 	}
 	return 1
 }
 
-func (op OpCode) isDWordLoad() bool {
+func (op OpCode) IsDWordLoad() bool {
 	return op == LoadImmOp(DWord)
 }
 

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/collection.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package ebpf
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"math"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
@@ -89,8 +90,8 @@ func (cs *CollectionSpec) RewriteMaps(maps map[string]*Map) error {
 //
 // The constant must be defined like so in the C program:
 //
-//    static volatile const type foobar;
-//    static volatile const type foobar = default;
+//    volatile const type foobar;
+//    volatile const type foobar = default;
 //
 // Replacement values must be of the same length as the C sizeof(type).
 // If necessary, they are marshalled according to the same rules as
@@ -269,11 +270,21 @@ func NewCollectionWithOptions(spec *CollectionSpec, opts CollectionOptions) (*Co
 	}, nil
 }
 
-type btfHandleCache map[*btf.Spec]*btf.Handle
+type handleCache struct {
+	btfHandles map[*btf.Spec]*btf.Handle
+	btfSpecs   map[io.ReaderAt]*btf.Spec
+}
 
-func (btfs btfHandleCache) load(spec *btf.Spec) (*btf.Handle, error) {
-	if btfs[spec] != nil {
-		return btfs[spec], nil
+func newHandleCache() *handleCache {
+	return &handleCache{
+		btfHandles: make(map[*btf.Spec]*btf.Handle),
+		btfSpecs:   make(map[io.ReaderAt]*btf.Spec),
+	}
+}
+
+func (hc handleCache) btfHandle(spec *btf.Spec) (*btf.Handle, error) {
+	if hc.btfHandles[spec] != nil {
+		return hc.btfHandles[spec], nil
 	}
 
 	handle, err := btf.NewHandle(spec)
@@ -281,14 +292,30 @@ func (btfs btfHandleCache) load(spec *btf.Spec) (*btf.Handle, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	btfs[spec] = handle
+	hc.btfHandles[spec] = handle
 	return handle, nil
 }
 
-func (btfs btfHandleCache) close() {
-	for _, handle := range btfs {
+func (hc handleCache) btfSpec(rd io.ReaderAt) (*btf.Spec, error) {
+	if hc.btfSpecs[rd] != nil {
+		return hc.btfSpecs[rd], nil
+	}
+
+	spec, err := btf.LoadSpecFromReader(rd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	hc.btfSpecs[rd] = spec
+	return spec, nil
+}
+
+func (hc handleCache) close() {
+	for _, handle := range hc.btfHandles {
 		handle.Close()
 	}
+	hc.btfHandles = nil
+	hc.btfSpecs = nil
 }
 
 func lazyLoadCollection(coll *CollectionSpec, opts *CollectionOptions) (
@@ -300,12 +327,12 @@ func lazyLoadCollection(coll *CollectionSpec, opts *CollectionOptions) (
 	var (
 		maps             = make(map[string]*Map)
 		progs            = make(map[string]*Program)
-		btfs             = make(btfHandleCache)
+		handles          = newHandleCache()
 		skipMapsAndProgs = false
 	)
 
 	cleanup = func() {
-		btfs.close()
+		handles.close()
 
 		if skipMapsAndProgs {
 			return
@@ -335,7 +362,7 @@ func lazyLoadCollection(coll *CollectionSpec, opts *CollectionOptions) (
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing map %s", mapName)
 		}
 
-		m, err := newMapWithOptions(mapSpec, opts.Maps, btfs)
+		m, err := newMapWithOptions(mapSpec, opts.Maps, handles)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("map %s: %w", mapName, err)
 		}
@@ -360,7 +387,7 @@ func lazyLoadCollection(coll *CollectionSpec, opts *CollectionOptions) (
 		for i := range progSpec.Instructions {
 			ins := &progSpec.Instructions[i]
 
-			if ins.OpCode != asm.LoadImmOp(asm.DWord) || ins.Reference == "" {
+			if !ins.IsLoadFromMap() || ins.Reference == "" {
 				continue
 			}
 
@@ -372,7 +399,7 @@ func lazyLoadCollection(coll *CollectionSpec, opts *CollectionOptions) (
 
 			m, err := loadMap(ins.Reference)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("program %s: %s", progName, err)
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("program %s: %w", progName, err)
 			}
 
 			fd := m.FD()
@@ -384,7 +411,7 @@ func lazyLoadCollection(coll *CollectionSpec, opts *CollectionOptions) (
 			}
 		}
 
-		prog, err := newProgramWithOptions(progSpec, opts.Programs, btfs)
+		prog, err := newProgramWithOptions(progSpec, opts.Programs, handles)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("program %s: %w", progName, err)
 		}
@@ -534,7 +561,7 @@ func assignValues(to interface{}, valueOf func(reflect.Type, string) (reflect.Va
 			}
 
 			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("field %s: %s", field.Name, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("field %s: %w", field.Name, err)
 			}
 		}
 

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/elf_reader.go

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func LoadCollectionSpecFromReader(rd io.ReaderAt) (*CollectionSpec, error) {
 	}
 
 	btfSpec, err := btf.LoadSpecFromReader(rd)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, btf.ErrNotFound) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("load BTF: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ func LoadCollectionSpecFromReader(rd io.ReaderAt) (*CollectionSpec, error) {
 			}
 
 			if target.Flags&elf.SHF_STRINGS > 0 {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("section %q: string %q is not stack allocated: %w", section.Name, rel.Name, ErrNotSupported)
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("section %q: string is not stack allocated: %w", section.Name, ErrNotSupported)
 			}
 
 			target.references++
@@ -374,17 +374,25 @@ func (ec *elfCode) relocateInstruction(ins *asm.Instruction, rel elf.Symbol) err
 		}
 
 	case dataSection:
+		var offset uint32
 		switch typ {
 		case elf.STT_SECTION:
 			if bind != elf.STB_LOCAL {
 				return fmt.Errorf("direct load: %s: unsupported relocation %s", name, bind)
 			}
 
+			// This is really a reference to a static symbol, which clang doesn't
+			// emit a symbol table entry for. Instead it encodes the offset in
+			// the instruction itself.
+			offset = uint32(uint64(ins.Constant))
+
 		case elf.STT_OBJECT:
 			if bind != elf.STB_GLOBAL {
 				return fmt.Errorf("direct load: %s: unsupported relocation %s", name, bind)
 			}
 
+			offset = uint32(rel.Value)
+
 		default:
 			return fmt.Errorf("incorrect relocation type %v for direct map load", typ)
 		}
@@ -394,10 +402,8 @@ func (ec *elfCode) relocateInstruction(ins *asm.Instruction, rel elf.Symbol) err
 		// it's not clear how to encode that into Instruction.
 		name = target.Name
 
-		// For some reason, clang encodes the offset of the symbol its
-		// section in the first basic BPF instruction, while the kernel
-		// expects it in the second one.
-		ins.Constant <<= 32
+		// The kernel expects the offset in the second basic BPF instruction.
+		ins.Constant = int64(uint64(offset) << 32)
 		ins.Src = asm.PseudoMapValue
 
 		// Mark the instruction as needing an update when creating the
@@ -491,33 +497,38 @@ func (ec *elfCode) loadMaps(maps map[string]*MapSpec) error {
 				return fmt.Errorf("section %s: missing symbol for map at offset %d", sec.Name, offset)
 			}
 
-			if maps[mapSym.Name] != nil {
+			mapName := mapSym.Name
+			if maps[mapName] != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("section %v: map %v already exists", sec.Name, mapSym)
 			}
 
 			lr := io.LimitReader(r, int64(size))
 
 			spec := MapSpec{
-				Name: SanitizeName(mapSym.Name, -1),
+				Name: SanitizeName(mapName, -1),
 			}
 			switch {
 			case binary.Read(lr, ec.ByteOrder, &spec.Type) != nil:
-				return fmt.Errorf("map %v: missing type", mapSym)
+				return fmt.Errorf("map %s: missing type", mapName)
 			case binary.Read(lr, ec.ByteOrder, &spec.KeySize) != nil:
-				return fmt.Errorf("map %v: missing key size", mapSym)
+				return fmt.Errorf("map %s: missing key size", mapName)
 			case binary.Read(lr, ec.ByteOrder, &spec.ValueSize) != nil:
-				return fmt.Errorf("map %v: missing value size", mapSym)
+				return fmt.Errorf("map %s: missing value size", mapName)
 			case binary.Read(lr, ec.ByteOrder, &spec.MaxEntries) != nil:
-				return fmt.Errorf("map %v: missing max entries", mapSym)
+				return fmt.Errorf("map %s: missing max entries", mapName)
 			case binary.Read(lr, ec.ByteOrder, &spec.Flags) != nil:
-				return fmt.Errorf("map %v: missing flags", mapSym)
+				return fmt.Errorf("map %s: missing flags", mapName)
 			}
 
 			if _, err := io.Copy(internal.DiscardZeroes{}, lr); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("map %v: unknown and non-zero fields in definition", mapSym)
+				return fmt.Errorf("map %s: unknown and non-zero fields in definition", mapName)
 			}
 
-			maps[mapSym.Name] = &spec
+			if err := spec.clampPerfEventArraySize(); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("map %s: %w", mapName, err)
+			}
+
+			maps[mapName] = &spec
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -565,6 +576,10 @@ func (ec *elfCode) loadBTFMaps(maps map[string]*MapSpec) error {
 				return fmt.Errorf("map %v: %w", name, err)
 			}
 
+			if err := mapSpec.clampPerfEventArraySize(); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("map %v: %w", name, err)
+			}
+
 			maps[name] = mapSpec
 		}
 	}
@@ -847,6 +862,8 @@ func getProgType(sectionName string) (ProgramType, AttachType, uint32, string) {
 		"uretprobe/":            {Kprobe, AttachNone, 0},
 		"tracepoint/":           {TracePoint, AttachNone, 0},
 		"raw_tracepoint/":       {RawTracepoint, AttachNone, 0},
+		"raw_tp/":               {RawTracepoint, AttachNone, 0},
+		"tp_btf/":               {Tracing, AttachTraceRawTp, 0},
 		"xdp":                   {XDP, AttachNone, 0},
 		"perf_event":            {PerfEvent, AttachNone, 0},
 		"lwt_in":                {LWTIn, AttachNone, 0},

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/btf/btf.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type Spec struct {
 	namedTypes map[string][]namedType
 	funcInfos  map[string]extInfo
 	lineInfos  map[string]extInfo
-	coreRelos  map[string]bpfCoreRelos
+	coreRelos  map[string]coreRelos
 	byteOrder  binary.ByteOrder
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ type btfHeader struct {
 
 // LoadSpecFromReader reads BTF sections from an ELF.
 //
-// Returns a nil Spec and no error if no BTF was present.
+// Returns ErrNotFound if the reader contains no BTF.
 func LoadSpecFromReader(rd io.ReaderAt) (*Spec, error) {
 	file, err := internal.NewSafeELFFile(rd)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func LoadSpecFromReader(rd io.ReaderAt) (*Spec, error) {
 	}
 
 	if btfSection == nil {
-		return nil, nil
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("btf: %w", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
 	symbols, err := file.Symbols()
@@ -438,13 +438,13 @@ func (s *Spec) Program(name string, length uint64) (*Program, error) {
 
 	funcInfos, funcOK := s.funcInfos[name]
 	lineInfos, lineOK := s.lineInfos[name]
-	coreRelos, coreOK := s.coreRelos[name]
+	relos, coreOK := s.coreRelos[name]
 
 	if !funcOK && !lineOK && !coreOK {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no extended BTF info for section %s", name)
 	}
 
-	return &Program{s, length, funcInfos, lineInfos, coreRelos}, nil
+	return &Program{s, length, funcInfos, lineInfos, relos}, nil
 }
 
 // Datasec returns the BTF required to create maps which represent data sections.
@@ -491,7 +491,8 @@ func (s *Spec) FindType(name string, typ Type) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("type %s: %w", name, ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
-	value := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(copyType(candidate)))
+	cpy, _ := copyType(candidate, nil)
+	value := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(cpy))
 	reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(typ)).Set(value)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -606,7 +607,7 @@ type Program struct {
 	spec                 *Spec
 	length               uint64
 	funcInfos, lineInfos extInfo
-	coreRelos            bpfCoreRelos
+	coreRelos            coreRelos
 }
 
 // ProgramSpec returns the Spec needed for loading function and line infos into the kernel.
@@ -665,16 +666,23 @@ func ProgramLineInfos(s *Program) (recordSize uint32, bytes []byte, err error) {
 	return s.lineInfos.recordSize, bytes, nil
 }
 
-// ProgramRelocations returns the CO-RE relocations required to adjust the
-// program to the target.
+// ProgramFixups returns the changes required to adjust the program to the target.
 //
 // This is a free function instead of a method to hide it from users
 // of package ebpf.
-func ProgramRelocations(s *Program, target *Spec) (map[uint64]Relocation, error) {
+func ProgramFixups(s *Program, target *Spec) (COREFixups, error) {
 	if len(s.coreRelos) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
+	if target == nil {
+		var err error
+		target, err = LoadKernelSpec()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
 	return coreRelocate(s.spec, target, s.coreRelos)
 }
 

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/btf/core.go

@@ -3,43 +3,160 @@ package btf
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"reflect"
+	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/cilium/ebpf/asm"
 )
 
 // Code in this file is derived from libbpf, which is available under a BSD
 // 2-Clause license.
 
-// Relocation describes a CO-RE relocation.
-type Relocation struct {
-	Current uint32
-	New     uint32
+// COREFixup is the result of computing a CO-RE relocation for a target.
+type COREFixup struct {
+	Kind   COREKind
+	Local  uint32
+	Target uint32
+	Poison bool
 }
 
-func (r Relocation) equal(other Relocation) bool {
-	return r.Current == other.Current && r.New == other.New
+func (f COREFixup) equal(other COREFixup) bool {
+	return f.Local == other.Local && f.Target == other.Target
 }
 
-// coreReloKind is the type of CO-RE relocation
-type coreReloKind uint32
+func (f COREFixup) String() string {
+	if f.Poison {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=poison", f.Kind)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d->%d", f.Kind, f.Local, f.Target)
+}
+
+func (f COREFixup) apply(ins *asm.Instruction) error {
+	if f.Poison {
+		return errors.New("can't poison individual instruction")
+	}
+
+	switch class := ins.OpCode.Class(); class {
+	case asm.LdXClass, asm.StClass, asm.StXClass:
+		if want := int16(f.Local); want != ins.Offset {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid offset %d, expected %d", ins.Offset, want)
+		}
+
+		if f.Target > math.MaxInt16 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("offset %d exceeds MaxInt16", f.Target)
+		}
+
+		ins.Offset = int16(f.Target)
+
+	case asm.LdClass:
+		if !ins.IsConstantLoad(asm.DWord) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("not a dword-sized immediate load")
+		}
+
+		if want := int64(f.Local); want != ins.Constant {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid immediate %d, expected %d", ins.Constant, want)
+		}
+
+		ins.Constant = int64(f.Target)
+
+	case asm.ALUClass:
+		if ins.OpCode.ALUOp() == asm.Swap {
+			return fmt.Errorf("relocation against swap")
+		}
+
+		fallthrough
+
+	case asm.ALU64Class:
+		if src := ins.OpCode.Source(); src != asm.ImmSource {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid source %s", src)
+		}
+
+		if want := int64(f.Local); want != ins.Constant {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid immediate %d, expected %d", ins.Constant, want)
+		}
+
+		if f.Target > math.MaxInt32 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("immediate %d exceeds MaxInt32", f.Target)
+		}
+
+		ins.Constant = int64(f.Target)
+
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid class %s", class)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (f COREFixup) isNonExistant() bool {
+	return f.Kind.checksForExistence() && f.Target == 0
+}
+
+type COREFixups map[uint64]COREFixup
+
+// Apply a set of CO-RE relocations to a BPF program.
+func (fs COREFixups) Apply(insns asm.Instructions) (asm.Instructions, error) {
+	if len(fs) == 0 {
+		cpy := make(asm.Instructions, len(insns))
+		copy(cpy, insns)
+		return insns, nil
+	}
+
+	cpy := make(asm.Instructions, 0, len(insns))
+	iter := insns.Iterate()
+	for iter.Next() {
+		fixup, ok := fs[iter.Offset.Bytes()]
+		if !ok {
+			cpy = append(cpy, *iter.Ins)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ins := *iter.Ins
+		if fixup.Poison {
+			const badRelo = asm.BuiltinFunc(0xbad2310)
+
+			cpy = append(cpy, badRelo.Call())
+			if ins.OpCode.IsDWordLoad() {
+				// 64 bit constant loads occupy two raw bpf instructions, so
+				// we need to add another instruction as padding.
+				cpy = append(cpy, badRelo.Call())
+			}
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err := fixup.apply(&ins); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("instruction %d, offset %d: %s: %w", iter.Index, iter.Offset.Bytes(), fixup.Kind, err)
+		}
+
+		cpy = append(cpy, ins)
+	}
+
+	return cpy, nil
+}
+
+// COREKind is the type of CO-RE relocation
+type COREKind uint32
 
 const (
-	reloFieldByteOffset coreReloKind = iota /* field byte offset */
-	reloFieldByteSize                       /* field size in bytes */
-	reloFieldExists                         /* field existence in target kernel */
-	reloFieldSigned                         /* field signedness (0 - unsigned, 1 - signed) */
-	reloFieldLShiftU64                      /* bitfield-specific left bitshift */
-	reloFieldRShiftU64                      /* bitfield-specific right bitshift */
-	reloTypeIDLocal                         /* type ID in local BPF object */
-	reloTypeIDTarget                        /* type ID in target kernel */
-	reloTypeExists                          /* type existence in target kernel */
-	reloTypeSize                            /* type size in bytes */
-	reloEnumvalExists                       /* enum value existence in target kernel */
-	reloEnumvalValue                        /* enum value integer value */
+	reloFieldByteOffset COREKind = iota /* field byte offset */
+	reloFieldByteSize                   /* field size in bytes */
+	reloFieldExists                     /* field existence in target kernel */
+	reloFieldSigned                     /* field signedness (0 - unsigned, 1 - signed) */
+	reloFieldLShiftU64                  /* bitfield-specific left bitshift */
+	reloFieldRShiftU64                  /* bitfield-specific right bitshift */
+	reloTypeIDLocal                     /* type ID in local BPF object */
+	reloTypeIDTarget                    /* type ID in target kernel */
+	reloTypeExists                      /* type existence in target kernel */
+	reloTypeSize                        /* type size in bytes */
+	reloEnumvalExists                   /* enum value existence in target kernel */
+	reloEnumvalValue                    /* enum value integer value */
 )
 
-func (k coreReloKind) String() string {
+func (k COREKind) String() string {
 	switch k {
 	case reloFieldByteOffset:
 		return "byte_off"
@@ -70,103 +187,249 @@ func (k coreReloKind) String() string {
 	}
 }
 
-func coreRelocate(local, target *Spec, coreRelos bpfCoreRelos) (map[uint64]Relocation, error) {
-	if target == nil {
-		var err error
-		target, err = loadKernelSpec()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
+func (k COREKind) checksForExistence() bool {
+	return k == reloEnumvalExists || k == reloTypeExists || k == reloFieldExists
+}
 
+func coreRelocate(local, target *Spec, relos coreRelos) (COREFixups, error) {
 	if local.byteOrder != target.byteOrder {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't relocate %s against %s", local.byteOrder, target.byteOrder)
 	}
 
-	relocations := make(map[uint64]Relocation, len(coreRelos))
-	for _, relo := range coreRelos {
-		accessorStr, err := local.strings.Lookup(relo.AccessStrOff)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
+	var ids []TypeID
+	relosByID := make(map[TypeID]coreRelos)
+	result := make(COREFixups, len(relos))
+	for _, relo := range relos {
+		if relo.kind == reloTypeIDLocal {
+			// Filtering out reloTypeIDLocal here makes our lives a lot easier
+			// down the line, since it doesn't have a target at all.
+			if len(relo.accessor) > 1 || relo.accessor[0] != 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: unexpected accessor %v", relo.kind, relo.accessor)
+			}
 
-		accessor, err := parseCoreAccessor(accessorStr)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("accessor %q: %s", accessorStr, err)
-		}
-
-		if int(relo.TypeID) >= len(local.types) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid type id %d", relo.TypeID)
-		}
-
-		typ := local.types[relo.TypeID]
-
-		if relo.ReloKind == reloTypeIDLocal {
-			relocations[uint64(relo.InsnOff)] = Relocation{
-				uint32(typ.ID()),
-				uint32(typ.ID()),
+			result[uint64(relo.insnOff)] = COREFixup{
+				relo.kind,
+				uint32(relo.typeID),
+				uint32(relo.typeID),
+				false,
 			}
 			continue
 		}
 
-		named, ok := typ.(namedType)
-		if !ok || named.name() == "" {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocate anonymous type %s: %w", typ.String(), ErrNotSupported)
+		relos, ok := relosByID[relo.typeID]
+		if !ok {
+			ids = append(ids, relo.typeID)
 		}
-
-		name := essentialName(named.name())
-		res, err := coreCalculateRelocation(typ, target.namedTypes[name], relo.ReloKind, accessor)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocate %s: %w", name, err)
-		}
-
-		relocations[uint64(relo.InsnOff)] = res
+		relosByID[relo.typeID] = append(relos, relo)
 	}
 
-	return relocations, nil
+	// Ensure we work on relocations in a deterministic order.
+	sort.Slice(ids, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return ids[i] < ids[j]
+	})
+
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		if int(id) >= len(local.types) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid type id %d", id)
+		}
+
+		localType := local.types[id]
+		named, ok := localType.(namedType)
+		if !ok || named.name() == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocate unnamed or anonymous type %s: %w", localType, ErrNotSupported)
+		}
+
+		relos := relosByID[id]
+		targets := target.namedTypes[named.essentialName()]
+		fixups, err := coreCalculateFixups(localType, targets, relos)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocate %s: %w", localType, err)
+		}
+
+		for i, relo := range relos {
+			result[uint64(relo.insnOff)] = fixups[i]
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 var errAmbiguousRelocation = errors.New("ambiguous relocation")
+var errImpossibleRelocation = errors.New("impossible relocation")
+
+// coreCalculateFixups calculates the fixups for the given relocations using
+// the "best" target.
+//
+// The best target is determined by scoring: the less poisoning we have to do
+// the better the target is.
+func coreCalculateFixups(local Type, targets []namedType, relos coreRelos) ([]COREFixup, error) {
+	localID := local.ID()
+	local, err := copyType(local, skipQualifierAndTypedef)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	bestScore := len(relos)
+	var bestFixups []COREFixup
+	for i := range targets {
+		targetID := targets[i].ID()
+		target, err := copyType(targets[i], skipQualifierAndTypedef)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		score := 0 // lower is better
+		fixups := make([]COREFixup, 0, len(relos))
+		for _, relo := range relos {
+			fixup, err := coreCalculateFixup(local, localID, target, targetID, relo)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("target %s: %w", target, err)
+			}
+			if fixup.Poison || fixup.isNonExistant() {
+				score++
+			}
+			fixups = append(fixups, fixup)
+		}
+
+		if score > bestScore {
+			// We have a better target already, ignore this one.
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if score < bestScore {
+			// This is the best target yet, use it.
+			bestScore = score
+			bestFixups = fixups
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Some other target has the same score as the current one. Make sure
+		// the fixups agree with each other.
+		for i, fixup := range bestFixups {
+			if !fixup.equal(fixups[i]) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: multiple types match: %w", fixup.Kind, errAmbiguousRelocation)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if bestFixups == nil {
+		// Nothing at all matched, probably because there are no suitable
+		// targets at all. Poison everything!
+		bestFixups = make([]COREFixup, len(relos))
+		for i, relo := range relos {
+			bestFixups[i] = COREFixup{Kind: relo.kind, Poison: true}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return bestFixups, nil
+}
+
+// coreCalculateFixup calculates the fixup for a single local type, target type
+// and relocation.
+func coreCalculateFixup(local Type, localID TypeID, target Type, targetID TypeID, relo coreRelo) (COREFixup, error) {
+	fixup := func(local, target uint32) (COREFixup, error) {
+		return COREFixup{relo.kind, local, target, false}, nil
+	}
+	poison := func() (COREFixup, error) {
+		if relo.kind.checksForExistence() {
+			return fixup(1, 0)
+		}
+		return COREFixup{relo.kind, 0, 0, true}, nil
+	}
+	zero := COREFixup{}
+
+	switch relo.kind {
+	case reloTypeIDTarget, reloTypeSize, reloTypeExists:
+		if len(relo.accessor) > 1 || relo.accessor[0] != 0 {
+			return zero, fmt.Errorf("%s: unexpected accessor %v", relo.kind, relo.accessor)
+		}
+
+		err := coreAreTypesCompatible(local, target)
+		if errors.Is(err, errImpossibleRelocation) {
+			return poison()
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return zero, fmt.Errorf("relocation %s: %w", relo.kind, err)
+		}
+
+		switch relo.kind {
+		case reloTypeExists:
+			return fixup(1, 1)
 
-func coreCalculateRelocation(local Type, targets []namedType, kind coreReloKind, localAccessor coreAccessor) (Relocation, error) {
-	var relos []Relocation
-	var matches []Type
-	for _, target := range targets {
-		switch kind {
 		case reloTypeIDTarget:
-			if localAccessor[0] != 0 {
-				return Relocation{}, fmt.Errorf("%s: unexpected non-zero accessor", kind)
+			return fixup(uint32(localID), uint32(targetID))
+
+		case reloTypeSize:
+			localSize, err := Sizeof(local)
+			if err != nil {
+				return zero, err
 			}
 
-			if compat, err := coreAreTypesCompatible(local, target); err != nil {
-				return Relocation{}, fmt.Errorf("%s: %s", kind, err)
-			} else if !compat {
-				continue
+			targetSize, err := Sizeof(target)
+			if err != nil {
+				return zero, err
 			}
 
-			relos = append(relos, Relocation{uint32(target.ID()), uint32(target.ID())})
-
-		default:
-			return Relocation{}, fmt.Errorf("relocation %s: %w", kind, ErrNotSupported)
+			return fixup(uint32(localSize), uint32(targetSize))
 		}
-		matches = append(matches, target)
-	}
 
-	if len(relos) == 0 {
-		// TODO: Add switch for existence checks like reloEnumvalExists here.
+	case reloEnumvalValue, reloEnumvalExists:
+		localValue, targetValue, err := coreFindEnumValue(local, relo.accessor, target)
+		if errors.Is(err, errImpossibleRelocation) {
+			return poison()
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return zero, fmt.Errorf("relocation %s: %w", relo.kind, err)
+		}
 
-		// TODO: This might have to be poisoned.
-		return Relocation{}, fmt.Errorf("no relocation found, tried %v", targets)
-	}
+		switch relo.kind {
+		case reloEnumvalExists:
+			return fixup(1, 1)
+
+		case reloEnumvalValue:
+			return fixup(uint32(localValue.Value), uint32(targetValue.Value))
+		}
+
+	case reloFieldByteOffset, reloFieldByteSize, reloFieldExists:
+		if _, ok := target.(*Fwd); ok {
+			// We can't relocate fields using a forward declaration, so
+			// skip it. If a non-forward declaration is present in the BTF
+			// we'll find it in one of the other iterations.
+			return poison()
+		}
+
+		localField, targetField, err := coreFindField(local, relo.accessor, target)
+		if errors.Is(err, errImpossibleRelocation) {
+			return poison()
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return zero, fmt.Errorf("target %s: %w", target, err)
+		}
+
+		switch relo.kind {
+		case reloFieldExists:
+			return fixup(1, 1)
+
+		case reloFieldByteOffset:
+			return fixup(localField.offset/8, targetField.offset/8)
+
+		case reloFieldByteSize:
+			localSize, err := Sizeof(localField.Type)
+			if err != nil {
+				return zero, err
+			}
+
+			targetSize, err := Sizeof(targetField.Type)
+			if err != nil {
+				return zero, err
+			}
+
+			return fixup(uint32(localSize), uint32(targetSize))
 
-	relo := relos[0]
-	for _, altRelo := range relos[1:] {
-		if !altRelo.equal(relo) {
-			return Relocation{}, fmt.Errorf("multiple types %v match: %w", matches, errAmbiguousRelocation)
 		}
 	}
 
-	return relo, nil
+	return zero, fmt.Errorf("relocation %s: %w", relo.kind, ErrNotSupported)
 }
 
 /* coreAccessor contains a path through a struct. It contains at least one index.
@@ -219,6 +482,240 @@ func parseCoreAccessor(accessor string) (coreAccessor, error) {
 	return result, nil
 }
 
+func (ca coreAccessor) String() string {
+	strs := make([]string, 0, len(ca))
+	for _, i := range ca {
+		strs = append(strs, strconv.Itoa(i))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(strs, ":")
+}
+
+func (ca coreAccessor) enumValue(t Type) (*EnumValue, error) {
+	e, ok := t.(*Enum)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("not an enum: %s", t)
+	}
+
+	if len(ca) > 1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid accessor %s for enum", ca)
+	}
+
+	i := ca[0]
+	if i >= len(e.Values) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid index %d for %s", i, e)
+	}
+
+	return &e.Values[i], nil
+}
+
+type coreField struct {
+	Type   Type
+	offset uint32
+}
+
+func adjustOffset(base uint32, t Type, n int) (uint32, error) {
+	size, err := Sizeof(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	return base + (uint32(n) * uint32(size) * 8), nil
+}
+
+// coreFindField descends into the local type using the accessor and tries to
+// find an equivalent field in target at each step.
+//
+// Returns the field and the offset of the field from the start of
+// target in bits.
+func coreFindField(local Type, localAcc coreAccessor, target Type) (_, _ coreField, _ error) {
+	// The first index is used to offset a pointer of the base type like
+	// when accessing an array.
+	localOffset, err := adjustOffset(0, local, localAcc[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return coreField{}, coreField{}, err
+	}
+
+	targetOffset, err := adjustOffset(0, target, localAcc[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return coreField{}, coreField{}, err
+	}
+
+	if err := coreAreMembersCompatible(local, target); err != nil {
+		return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("fields: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var localMaybeFlex, targetMaybeFlex bool
+	for _, acc := range localAcc[1:] {
+		switch localType := local.(type) {
+		case composite:
+			// For composite types acc is used to find the field in the local type,
+			// and then we try to find a field in target with the same name.
+			localMembers := localType.members()
+			if acc >= len(localMembers) {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid accessor %d for %s", acc, local)
+			}
+
+			localMember := localMembers[acc]
+			if localMember.Name == "" {
+				_, ok := localMember.Type.(composite)
+				if !ok {
+					return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("unnamed field with type %s: %s", localMember.Type, ErrNotSupported)
+				}
+
+				// This is an anonymous struct or union, ignore it.
+				local = localMember.Type
+				localOffset += localMember.Offset
+				localMaybeFlex = false
+				continue
+			}
+
+			targetType, ok := target.(composite)
+			if !ok {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("target not composite: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
+			}
+
+			targetMember, last, err := coreFindMember(targetType, localMember.Name)
+			if err != nil {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, err
+			}
+
+			if targetMember.BitfieldSize > 0 {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("field %q is a bitfield: %w", targetMember.Name, ErrNotSupported)
+			}
+
+			local = localMember.Type
+			localMaybeFlex = acc == len(localMembers)-1
+			localOffset += localMember.Offset
+			target = targetMember.Type
+			targetMaybeFlex = last
+			targetOffset += targetMember.Offset
+
+		case *Array:
+			// For arrays, acc is the index in the target.
+			targetType, ok := target.(*Array)
+			if !ok {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("target not array: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
+			}
+
+			if localType.Nelems == 0 && !localMaybeFlex {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("local type has invalid flexible array")
+			}
+			if targetType.Nelems == 0 && !targetMaybeFlex {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("target type has invalid flexible array")
+			}
+
+			if localType.Nelems > 0 && acc >= int(localType.Nelems) {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid access of %s at index %d", localType, acc)
+			}
+			if targetType.Nelems > 0 && acc >= int(targetType.Nelems) {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("out of bounds access of target: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
+			}
+
+			local = localType.Type
+			localMaybeFlex = false
+			localOffset, err = adjustOffset(localOffset, local, acc)
+			if err != nil {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, err
+			}
+
+			target = targetType.Type
+			targetMaybeFlex = false
+			targetOffset, err = adjustOffset(targetOffset, target, acc)
+			if err != nil {
+				return coreField{}, coreField{}, err
+			}
+
+		default:
+			return coreField{}, coreField{}, fmt.Errorf("relocate field of %T: %w", localType, ErrNotSupported)
+		}
+
+		if err := coreAreMembersCompatible(local, target); err != nil {
+			return coreField{}, coreField{}, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return coreField{local, localOffset}, coreField{target, targetOffset}, nil
+}
+
+// coreFindMember finds a member in a composite type while handling anonymous
+// structs and unions.
+func coreFindMember(typ composite, name Name) (Member, bool, error) {
+	if name == "" {
+		return Member{}, false, errors.New("can't search for anonymous member")
+	}
+
+	type offsetTarget struct {
+		composite
+		offset uint32
+	}
+
+	targets := []offsetTarget{{typ, 0}}
+	visited := make(map[composite]bool)
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(targets); i++ {
+		target := targets[i]
+
+		// Only visit targets once to prevent infinite recursion.
+		if visited[target] {
+			continue
+		}
+		if len(visited) >= maxTypeDepth {
+			// This check is different than libbpf, which restricts the entire
+			// path to BPF_CORE_SPEC_MAX_LEN items.
+			return Member{}, false, fmt.Errorf("type is nested too deep")
+		}
+		visited[target] = true
+
+		members := target.members()
+		for j, member := range members {
+			if member.Name == name {
+				// NB: This is safe because member is a copy.
+				member.Offset += target.offset
+				return member, j == len(members)-1, nil
+			}
+
+			// The names don't match, but this member could be an anonymous struct
+			// or union.
+			if member.Name != "" {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			comp, ok := member.Type.(composite)
+			if !ok {
+				return Member{}, false, fmt.Errorf("anonymous non-composite type %T not allowed", member.Type)
+			}
+
+			targets = append(targets, offsetTarget{comp, target.offset + member.Offset})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return Member{}, false, fmt.Errorf("no matching member: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
+}
+
+// coreFindEnumValue follows localAcc to find the equivalent enum value in target.
+func coreFindEnumValue(local Type, localAcc coreAccessor, target Type) (localValue, targetValue *EnumValue, _ error) {
+	localValue, err := localAcc.enumValue(local)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	targetEnum, ok := target.(*Enum)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil, errImpossibleRelocation
+	}
+
+	localName := localValue.Name.essentialName()
+	for i, targetValue := range targetEnum.Values {
+		if targetValue.Name.essentialName() != localName {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		return localValue, &targetEnum.Values[i], nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil, errImpossibleRelocation
+}
+
 /* The comment below is from bpf_core_types_are_compat in libbpf.c:
  *
  * Check local and target types for compatibility. This check is used for
@@ -239,8 +736,10 @@ func parseCoreAccessor(accessor string) (coreAccessor, error) {
  *     number of input args and compatible return and argument types.
  * These rules are not set in stone and probably will be adjusted as we get
  * more experience with using BPF CO-RE relocations.
+ *
+ * Returns errImpossibleRelocation if types are not compatible.
  */
-func coreAreTypesCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) (bool, error) {
+func coreAreTypesCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) error {
 	var (
 		localTs, targetTs typeDeque
 		l, t              = &localType, &targetType
@@ -249,14 +748,14 @@ func coreAreTypesCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) (bool, error) {
 
 	for ; l != nil && t != nil; l, t = localTs.shift(), targetTs.shift() {
 		if depth >= maxTypeDepth {
-			return false, errors.New("types are nested too deep")
+			return errors.New("types are nested too deep")
 		}
 
-		localType = skipQualifierAndTypedef(*l)
-		targetType = skipQualifierAndTypedef(*t)
+		localType = *l
+		targetType = *t
 
 		if reflect.TypeOf(localType) != reflect.TypeOf(targetType) {
-			return false, nil
+			return fmt.Errorf("type mismatch: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
 		}
 
 		switch lv := (localType).(type) {
@@ -266,7 +765,7 @@ func coreAreTypesCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) (bool, error) {
 		case *Int:
 			tv := targetType.(*Int)
 			if lv.isBitfield() || tv.isBitfield() {
-				return false, nil
+				return fmt.Errorf("bitfield: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
 			}
 
 		case *Pointer, *Array:
@@ -277,7 +776,7 @@ func coreAreTypesCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) (bool, error) {
 		case *FuncProto:
 			tv := targetType.(*FuncProto)
 			if len(lv.Params) != len(tv.Params) {
-				return false, nil
+				return fmt.Errorf("function param mismatch: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
 			}
 
 			depth++
@@ -285,22 +784,24 @@ func coreAreTypesCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) (bool, error) {
 			targetType.walk(&targetTs)
 
 		default:
-			return false, fmt.Errorf("unsupported type %T", localType)
+			return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type %T", localType)
 		}
 	}
 
 	if l != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("dangling local type %T", *l)
+		return fmt.Errorf("dangling local type %T", *l)
 	}
 
 	if t != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("dangling target type %T", *t)
+		return fmt.Errorf("dangling target type %T", *t)
 	}
 
-	return true, nil
+	return nil
 }
 
-/* The comment below is from bpf_core_fields_are_compat in libbpf.c:
+/* coreAreMembersCompatible checks two types for field-based relocation compatibility.
+ *
+ * The comment below is from bpf_core_fields_are_compat in libbpf.c:
  *
  * Check two types for compatibility for the purpose of field access
  * relocation. const/volatile/restrict and typedefs are skipped to ensure we
@@ -314,65 +815,63 @@ func coreAreTypesCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) (bool, error) {
  *   - for INT, size and signedness are ignored;
  *   - for ARRAY, dimensionality is ignored, element types are checked for
  *     compatibility recursively;
+ *     [ NB: coreAreMembersCompatible doesn't recurse, this check is done
+ *       by coreFindField. ]
  *   - everything else shouldn't be ever a target of relocation.
  * These rules are not set in stone and probably will be adjusted as we get
  * more experience with using BPF CO-RE relocations.
+ *
+ * Returns errImpossibleRelocation if the members are not compatible.
  */
-func coreAreMembersCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) (bool, error) {
-	doNamesMatch := func(a, b string) bool {
+func coreAreMembersCompatible(localType Type, targetType Type) error {
+	doNamesMatch := func(a, b string) error {
 		if a == "" || b == "" {
 			// allow anonymous and named type to match
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
 
-		return essentialName(a) == essentialName(b)
+		if essentialName(a) == essentialName(b) {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		return fmt.Errorf("names don't match: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
 	}
 
-	for depth := 0; depth <= maxTypeDepth; depth++ {
-		localType = skipQualifierAndTypedef(localType)
-		targetType = skipQualifierAndTypedef(targetType)
-
-		_, lok := localType.(composite)
-		_, tok := targetType.(composite)
-		if lok && tok {
-			return true, nil
-		}
-
-		if reflect.TypeOf(localType) != reflect.TypeOf(targetType) {
-			return false, nil
-		}
-
-		switch lv := localType.(type) {
-		case *Pointer:
-			return true, nil
-
-		case *Enum:
-			tv := targetType.(*Enum)
-			return doNamesMatch(lv.name(), tv.name()), nil
-
-		case *Fwd:
-			tv := targetType.(*Fwd)
-			return doNamesMatch(lv.name(), tv.name()), nil
-
-		case *Int:
-			tv := targetType.(*Int)
-			return !lv.isBitfield() && !tv.isBitfield(), nil
-
-		case *Array:
-			tv := targetType.(*Array)
-
-			localType = lv.Type
-			targetType = tv.Type
-
-		default:
-			return false, fmt.Errorf("unsupported type %T", localType)
-		}
+	_, lok := localType.(composite)
+	_, tok := targetType.(composite)
+	if lok && tok {
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	return false, errors.New("types are nested too deep")
+	if reflect.TypeOf(localType) != reflect.TypeOf(targetType) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("type mismatch: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
+	}
+
+	switch lv := localType.(type) {
+	case *Array, *Pointer:
+		return nil
+
+	case *Enum:
+		tv := targetType.(*Enum)
+		return doNamesMatch(lv.name(), tv.name())
+
+	case *Fwd:
+		tv := targetType.(*Fwd)
+		return doNamesMatch(lv.name(), tv.name())
+
+	case *Int:
+		tv := targetType.(*Int)
+		if lv.isBitfield() || tv.isBitfield() {
+			return fmt.Errorf("bitfield: %w", errImpossibleRelocation)
+		}
+		return nil
+
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("type %s: %w", localType, ErrNotSupported)
+	}
 }
 
-func skipQualifierAndTypedef(typ Type) Type {
+func skipQualifierAndTypedef(typ Type) (Type, error) {
 	result := typ
 	for depth := 0; depth <= maxTypeDepth; depth++ {
 		switch v := (result).(type) {
@@ -381,8 +880,8 @@ func skipQualifierAndTypedef(typ Type) Type {
 		case *Typedef:
 			result = v.Type
 		default:
-			return result
+			return result, nil
 		}
 	}
-	return typ
+	return nil, errors.New("exceeded type depth")
 }

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/btf/ext_info.go

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ type btfExtCoreHeader struct {
 	CoreReloLen uint32
 }
 
-func parseExtInfos(r io.ReadSeeker, bo binary.ByteOrder, strings stringTable) (funcInfo, lineInfo map[string]extInfo, coreRelos map[string]bpfCoreRelos, err error) {
+func parseExtInfos(r io.ReadSeeker, bo binary.ByteOrder, strings stringTable) (funcInfo, lineInfo map[string]extInfo, relos map[string]coreRelos, err error) {
 	var header btfExtHeader
 	var coreHeader btfExtCoreHeader
 	if err := binary.Read(r, bo, &header); err != nil {
@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ func parseExtInfos(r io.ReadSeeker, bo binary.ByteOrder, strings stringTable) (f
 			return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't seek to CO-RE relocation section: %v", err)
 		}
 
-		coreRelos, err = parseExtInfoRelos(io.LimitReader(r, int64(coreHeader.CoreReloLen)), bo, strings)
+		relos, err = parseExtInfoRelos(io.LimitReader(r, int64(coreHeader.CoreReloLen)), bo, strings)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("CO-RE relocation info: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
-	return funcInfo, lineInfo, coreRelos, nil
+	return funcInfo, lineInfo, relos, nil
 }
 
 type btfExtInfoSec struct {
@@ -208,18 +208,25 @@ type bpfCoreRelo struct {
 	InsnOff      uint32
 	TypeID       TypeID
 	AccessStrOff uint32
-	ReloKind     coreReloKind
+	Kind         COREKind
 }
 
-type bpfCoreRelos []bpfCoreRelo
+type coreRelo struct {
+	insnOff  uint32
+	typeID   TypeID
+	accessor coreAccessor
+	kind     COREKind
+}
+
+type coreRelos []coreRelo
 
 // append two slices of extInfoRelo to each other. The InsnOff of b are adjusted
 // by offset.
-func (r bpfCoreRelos) append(other bpfCoreRelos, offset uint64) bpfCoreRelos {
-	result := make([]bpfCoreRelo, 0, len(r)+len(other))
+func (r coreRelos) append(other coreRelos, offset uint64) coreRelos {
+	result := make([]coreRelo, 0, len(r)+len(other))
 	result = append(result, r...)
 	for _, relo := range other {
-		relo.InsnOff += uint32(offset)
+		relo.insnOff += uint32(offset)
 		result = append(result, relo)
 	}
 	return result
@@ -227,7 +234,7 @@ func (r bpfCoreRelos) append(other bpfCoreRelos, offset uint64) bpfCoreRelos {
 
 var extInfoReloSize = binary.Size(bpfCoreRelo{})
 
-func parseExtInfoRelos(r io.Reader, bo binary.ByteOrder, strings stringTable) (map[string]bpfCoreRelos, error) {
+func parseExtInfoRelos(r io.Reader, bo binary.ByteOrder, strings stringTable) (map[string]coreRelos, error) {
 	var recordSize uint32
 	if err := binary.Read(r, bo, &recordSize); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read record size: %v", err)
@@ -237,14 +244,14 @@ func parseExtInfoRelos(r io.Reader, bo binary.ByteOrder, strings stringTable) (m
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected record size %d, got %d", extInfoReloSize, recordSize)
 	}
 
-	result := make(map[string]bpfCoreRelos)
+	result := make(map[string]coreRelos)
 	for {
 		secName, infoHeader, err := parseExtInfoHeader(r, bo, strings)
 		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
 			return result, nil
 		}
 
-		var relos []bpfCoreRelo
+		var relos coreRelos
 		for i := uint32(0); i < infoHeader.NumInfo; i++ {
 			var relo bpfCoreRelo
 			if err := binary.Read(r, bo, &relo); err != nil {
@@ -255,7 +262,22 @@ func parseExtInfoRelos(r io.Reader, bo binary.ByteOrder, strings stringTable) (m
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("section %v: offset %v is not aligned with instruction size", secName, relo.InsnOff)
 			}
 
-			relos = append(relos, relo)
+			accessorStr, err := strings.Lookup(relo.AccessStrOff)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			accessor, err := parseCoreAccessor(accessorStr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("accessor %q: %s", accessorStr, err)
+			}
+
+			relos = append(relos, coreRelo{
+				relo.InsnOff,
+				relo.TypeID,
+				accessor,
+				relo.Kind,
+			})
 		}
 
 		result[secName] = relos

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/btf/types.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package btf
 
 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"strings"
@@ -37,6 +36,7 @@ type Type interface {
 type namedType interface {
 	Type
 	name() string
+	essentialName() string
 }
 
 // Name identifies a type.
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ func (n Name) name() string {
 	return string(n)
 }
 
+func (n Name) essentialName() string {
+	return essentialName(string(n))
+}
+
 // Void is the unit type of BTF.
 type Void struct{}
 
@@ -174,8 +178,7 @@ func (s *Struct) walk(tdq *typeDeque) {
 
 func (s *Struct) copy() Type {
 	cpy := *s
-	cpy.Members = make([]Member, len(s.Members))
-	copy(cpy.Members, s.Members)
+	cpy.Members = copyMembers(s.Members)
 	return &cpy
 }
 
@@ -206,8 +209,7 @@ func (u *Union) walk(tdq *typeDeque) {
 
 func (u *Union) copy() Type {
 	cpy := *u
-	cpy.Members = make([]Member, len(u.Members))
-	copy(cpy.Members, u.Members)
+	cpy.Members = copyMembers(u.Members)
 	return &cpy
 }
 
@@ -215,6 +217,12 @@ func (u *Union) members() []Member {
 	return u.Members
 }
 
+func copyMembers(orig []Member) []Member {
+	cpy := make([]Member, len(orig))
+	copy(cpy, orig)
+	return cpy
+}
+
 type composite interface {
 	members() []Member
 }
@@ -511,7 +519,7 @@ func Sizeof(typ Type) (int, error) {
 		switch v := typ.(type) {
 		case *Array:
 			if n > 0 && int64(v.Nelems) > math.MaxInt64/n {
-				return 0, errors.New("overflow")
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("type %s: overflow", typ)
 			}
 
 			// Arrays may be of zero length, which allows
@@ -532,28 +540,30 @@ func Sizeof(typ Type) (int, error) {
 			continue
 
 		default:
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("unrecognized type %T", typ)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("unsized type %T", typ)
 		}
 
 		if n > 0 && elem > math.MaxInt64/n {
-			return 0, errors.New("overflow")
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("type %s: overflow", typ)
 		}
 
 		size := n * elem
 		if int64(int(size)) != size {
-			return 0, errors.New("overflow")
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("type %s: overflow", typ)
 		}
 
 		return int(size), nil
 	}
 
-	return 0, errors.New("exceeded type depth")
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("type %s: exceeded type depth", typ)
 }
 
 // copy a Type recursively.
 //
 // typ may form a cycle.
-func copyType(typ Type) Type {
+//
+// Returns any errors from transform verbatim.
+func copyType(typ Type, transform func(Type) (Type, error)) (Type, error) {
 	var (
 		copies = make(map[Type]Type)
 		work   typeDeque
@@ -566,7 +576,17 @@ func copyType(typ Type) Type {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		cpy := (*t).copy()
+		var cpy Type
+		if transform != nil {
+			tf, err := transform(*t)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("copy %s: %w", typ, err)
+			}
+			cpy = tf.copy()
+		} else {
+			cpy = (*t).copy()
+		}
+
 		copies[*t] = cpy
 		*t = cpy
 
@@ -574,7 +594,7 @@ func copyType(typ Type) Type {
 		cpy.walk(&work)
 	}
 
-	return typ
+	return typ, nil
 }
 
 // typeDeque keeps track of pointers to types which still

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/elf.go

@@ -50,3 +50,19 @@ func (se *SafeELFFile) Symbols() (syms []elf.Symbol, err error) {
 	syms, err = se.File.Symbols()
 	return
 }
+
+// DynamicSymbols is the safe version of elf.File.DynamicSymbols.
+func (se *SafeELFFile) DynamicSymbols() (syms []elf.Symbol, err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		r := recover()
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		syms = nil
+		err = fmt.Errorf("reading ELF dynamic symbols panicked: %s", r)
+	}()
+
+	syms, err = se.File.DynamicSymbols()
+	return
+}

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/endian.go

@@ -9,11 +9,16 @@ import (
 // depending on the host's endianness.
 var NativeEndian binary.ByteOrder
 
+// Clang is set to either "el" or "eb" depending on the host's endianness.
+var ClangEndian string
+
 func init() {
 	if isBigEndian() {
 		NativeEndian = binary.BigEndian
+		ClangEndian = "eb"
 	} else {
 		NativeEndian = binary.LittleEndian
+		ClangEndian = "el"
 	}
 }
 

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/errors.go

@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ type VerifierError struct {
 	log   string
 }
 
+func (le *VerifierError) Unwrap() error {
+	return le.cause
+}
+
 func (le *VerifierError) Error() string {
 	if le.log == "" {
 		return le.cause.Error()

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/ptr.go

@@ -22,10 +22,6 @@ func NewSlicePointer(buf []byte) Pointer {
 
 // NewStringPointer creates a 64-bit pointer from a string.
 func NewStringPointer(str string) Pointer {
-	if str == "" {
-		return Pointer{}
-	}
-
 	p, err := unix.BytePtrFromString(str)
 	if err != nil {
 		return Pointer{}

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/unix/types_linux.go

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ const (
 	PROT_READ                = linux.PROT_READ
 	PROT_WRITE               = linux.PROT_WRITE
 	MAP_SHARED               = linux.MAP_SHARED
+	PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER1      = linux.PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER1
 	PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE       = linux.PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE
 	PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT     = linux.PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT
 	PERF_COUNT_SW_BPF_OUTPUT = linux.PERF_COUNT_SW_BPF_OUTPUT

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/unix/types_other.go

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ const (
 	PROT_READ                = 0x1
 	PROT_WRITE               = 0x2
 	MAP_SHARED               = 0x1
+	PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER1      = 0
 	PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE       = 0x1
 	PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT     = 0
 	PERF_COUNT_SW_BPF_OUTPUT = 0xa

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/link/kprobe.go

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 package link
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/cilium/ebpf"
 	"github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal"
@@ -15,13 +19,60 @@ import (
 
 var (
 	kprobeEventsPath = filepath.Join(tracefsPath, "kprobe_events")
+
+	kprobeRetprobeBit = struct {
+		once  sync.Once
+		value uint64
+		err   error
+	}{}
 )
 
+type probeType uint8
+
+const (
+	kprobeType probeType = iota
+	uprobeType
+)
+
+func (pt probeType) String() string {
+	if pt == kprobeType {
+		return "kprobe"
+	}
+	return "uprobe"
+}
+
+func (pt probeType) EventsPath() string {
+	if pt == kprobeType {
+		return kprobeEventsPath
+	}
+	return uprobeEventsPath
+}
+
+func (pt probeType) PerfEventType(ret bool) perfEventType {
+	if pt == kprobeType {
+		if ret {
+			return kretprobeEvent
+		}
+		return kprobeEvent
+	}
+	if ret {
+		return uretprobeEvent
+	}
+	return uprobeEvent
+}
+
+func (pt probeType) RetprobeBit() (uint64, error) {
+	if pt == kprobeType {
+		return kretprobeBit()
+	}
+	return uretprobeBit()
+}
+
 // Kprobe attaches the given eBPF program to a perf event that fires when the
 // given kernel symbol starts executing. See /proc/kallsyms for available
 // symbols. For example, printk():
 //
-//	Kprobe("printk")
+//	Kprobe("printk", prog)
 //
 // The resulting Link must be Closed during program shutdown to avoid leaking
 // system resources.
@@ -44,7 +95,7 @@ func Kprobe(symbol string, prog *ebpf.Program) (Link, error) {
 // before the given kernel symbol exits, with the function stack left intact.
 // See /proc/kallsyms for available symbols. For example, printk():
 //
-//	Kretprobe("printk")
+//	Kretprobe("printk", prog)
 //
 // The resulting Link must be Closed during program shutdown to avoid leaking
 // system resources.
@@ -80,7 +131,10 @@ func kprobe(symbol string, prog *ebpf.Program, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
 	}
 
 	// Use kprobe PMU if the kernel has it available.
-	tp, err := pmuKprobe(symbol, ret)
+	tp, err := pmuKprobe(platformPrefix(symbol), ret)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		tp, err = pmuKprobe(symbol, ret)
+	}
 	if err == nil {
 		return tp, nil
 	}
@@ -89,7 +143,10 @@ func kprobe(symbol string, prog *ebpf.Program, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
 	}
 
 	// Use tracefs if kprobe PMU is missing.
-	tp, err = tracefsKprobe(symbol, ret)
+	tp, err = tracefsKprobe(platformPrefix(symbol), ret)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		tp, err = tracefsKprobe(symbol, ret)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating trace event '%s' in tracefs: %w", symbol, err)
 	}
@@ -97,36 +154,70 @@ func kprobe(symbol string, prog *ebpf.Program, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
 	return tp, nil
 }
 
-// pmuKprobe opens a perf event based on a Performance Monitoring Unit.
-// Requires at least 4.17 (e12f03d7031a "perf/core: Implement the
-// 'perf_kprobe' PMU").
-// Returns ErrNotSupported if the kernel doesn't support perf_kprobe PMU,
-// or os.ErrNotExist if the given symbol does not exist in the kernel.
+// pmuKprobe opens a perf event based on the kprobe PMU.
+// Returns os.ErrNotExist if the given symbol does not exist in the kernel.
 func pmuKprobe(symbol string, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
+	return pmuProbe(kprobeType, symbol, "", 0, ret)
+}
 
+// pmuProbe opens a perf event based on a Performance Monitoring Unit.
+//
+// Requires at least a 4.17 kernel.
+// e12f03d7031a "perf/core: Implement the 'perf_kprobe' PMU"
+// 33ea4b24277b "perf/core: Implement the 'perf_uprobe' PMU"
+//
+// Returns ErrNotSupported if the kernel doesn't support perf_[k,u]probe PMU
+func pmuProbe(typ probeType, symbol, path string, offset uint64, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
 	// Getting the PMU type will fail if the kernel doesn't support
-	// the perf_kprobe PMU.
-	et, err := getPMUEventType("kprobe")
+	// the perf_[k,u]probe PMU.
+	et, err := getPMUEventType(typ)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// Create a pointer to a NUL-terminated string for the kernel.
-	sp, err := unsafeStringPtr(symbol)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// TODO: Parse the position of the bit from /sys/bus/event_source/devices/%s/format/retprobe.
-	config := 0
+	var config uint64
 	if ret {
-		config = 1
+		bit, err := typ.RetprobeBit()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		config |= 1 << bit
 	}
 
-	attr := unix.PerfEventAttr{
-		Type:   uint32(et),          // PMU event type read from sysfs
-		Ext1:   uint64(uintptr(sp)), // Kernel symbol to trace
-		Config: uint64(config),      // perf_kprobe PMU treats config as flags
+	var (
+		attr unix.PerfEventAttr
+		sp   unsafe.Pointer
+	)
+	switch typ {
+	case kprobeType:
+		// Create a pointer to a NUL-terminated string for the kernel.
+		sp, err := unsafeStringPtr(symbol)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		attr = unix.PerfEventAttr{
+			Type:   uint32(et),          // PMU event type read from sysfs
+			Ext1:   uint64(uintptr(sp)), // Kernel symbol to trace
+			Config: config,              // Retprobe flag
+		}
+	case uprobeType:
+		sp, err := unsafeStringPtr(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		attr = unix.PerfEventAttr{
+			// The minimum size required for PMU uprobes is PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER1,
+			// since it added the config2 (Ext2) field. The Size field controls the
+			// size of the internal buffer the kernel allocates for reading the
+			// perf_event_attr argument from userspace.
+			Size:   unix.PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER1,
+			Type:   uint32(et),          // PMU event type read from sysfs
+			Ext1:   uint64(uintptr(sp)), // Uprobe path
+			Ext2:   offset,              // Uprobe offset
+			Config: config,              // Retprobe flag
+		}
 	}
 
 	fd, err := unix.PerfEventOpen(&attr, perfAllThreads, 0, -1, unix.PERF_FLAG_FD_CLOEXEC)
@@ -144,22 +235,27 @@ func pmuKprobe(symbol string, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
 	// Ensure the string pointer is not collected before PerfEventOpen returns.
 	runtime.KeepAlive(sp)
 
-	// Kernel has perf_kprobe PMU available, initialize perf event.
+	// Kernel has perf_[k,u]probe PMU available, initialize perf event.
 	return &perfEvent{
-		fd:       internal.NewFD(uint32(fd)),
-		pmuID:    et,
-		name:     symbol,
-		ret:      ret,
-		progType: ebpf.Kprobe,
+		fd:    internal.NewFD(uint32(fd)),
+		pmuID: et,
+		name:  symbol,
+		typ:   typ.PerfEventType(ret),
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// tracefsKprobe creates a trace event by writing an entry to <tracefs>/kprobe_events.
-// A new trace event group name is generated on every call to support creating
-// multiple trace events for the same kernel symbol. A perf event is then opened
-// on the newly-created trace event and returned to the caller.
+// tracefsKprobe creates a Kprobe tracefs entry.
 func tracefsKprobe(symbol string, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
+	return tracefsProbe(kprobeType, symbol, "", 0, ret)
+}
 
+// tracefsProbe creates a trace event by writing an entry to <tracefs>/[k,u]probe_events.
+// A new trace event group name is generated on every call to support creating
+// multiple trace events for the same kernel or userspace symbol.
+// Path and offset are only set in the case of uprobe(s) and are used to set
+// the executable/library path on the filesystem and the offset where the probe is inserted.
+// A perf event is then opened on the newly-created trace event and returned to the caller.
+func tracefsProbe(typ probeType, symbol, path string, offset uint64, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
 	// Generate a random string for each trace event we attempt to create.
 	// This value is used as the 'group' token in tracefs to allow creating
 	// multiple kprobe trace events with the same name.
@@ -176,14 +272,13 @@ func tracefsKprobe(symbol string, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("trace event already exists: %s/%s", group, symbol)
 	}
-	// The read is expected to fail with ErrNotSupported due to a non-existing event.
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrNotSupported) {
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("checking trace event %s/%s: %w", group, symbol, err)
 	}
 
-	// Create the kprobe trace event using tracefs.
-	if err := createTraceFSKprobeEvent(group, symbol, ret); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating kprobe event on tracefs: %w", err)
+	// Create the [k,u]probe trace event using tracefs.
+	if err := createTraceFSProbeEvent(typ, group, symbol, path, offset, ret); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating probe entry on tracefs: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Get the newly-created trace event's id.
@@ -202,65 +297,83 @@ func tracefsKprobe(symbol string, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
 		fd:        fd,
 		group:     group,
 		name:      symbol,
-		ret:       ret,
 		tracefsID: tid,
-		progType:  ebpf.Kprobe, // kernel only allows attaching kprobe programs to kprobe events
+		typ:       typ.PerfEventType(ret),
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// createTraceFSKprobeEvent creates a new ephemeral trace event by writing to
-// <tracefs>/kprobe_events. Returns ErrNotSupported if symbol is not a valid
-// kernel symbol, or if it is not traceable with kprobes.
-func createTraceFSKprobeEvent(group, symbol string, ret bool) error {
+// createTraceFSProbeEvent creates a new ephemeral trace event by writing to
+// <tracefs>/[k,u]probe_events. Returns os.ErrNotExist if symbol is not a valid
+// kernel symbol, or if it is not traceable with kprobes. Returns os.ErrExist
+// if a probe with the same group and symbol already exists.
+func createTraceFSProbeEvent(typ probeType, group, symbol, path string, offset uint64, ret bool) error {
 	// Open the kprobe_events file in tracefs.
-	f, err := os.OpenFile(kprobeEventsPath, os.O_APPEND|os.O_WRONLY, 0666)
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(typ.EventsPath(), os.O_APPEND|os.O_WRONLY, 0666)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error opening kprobe_events: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("error opening '%s': %w", typ.EventsPath(), err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
-	// The kprobe_events syntax is as follows (see Documentation/trace/kprobetrace.txt):
-	// p[:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
-	// r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
-	// -:[GRP/]EVENT                                        : Clear a probe
-	//
-	// Some examples:
-	// r:ebpf_1234/r_my_kretprobe nf_conntrack_destroy
-	// p:ebpf_5678/p_my_kprobe __x64_sys_execve
-	//
-	// Leaving the kretprobe's MAXACTIVE set to 0 (or absent) will make the
-	// kernel default to NR_CPUS. This is desired in most eBPF cases since
-	// subsampling or rate limiting logic can be more accurately implemented in
-	// the eBPF program itself. See Documentation/kprobes.txt for more details.
-	pe := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s/%s %s", kprobePrefix(ret), group, symbol, symbol)
+	var pe string
+	switch typ {
+	case kprobeType:
+		// The kprobe_events syntax is as follows (see Documentation/trace/kprobetrace.txt):
+		// p[:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
+		// r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
+		// -:[GRP/]EVENT                                        : Clear a probe
+		//
+		// Some examples:
+		// r:ebpf_1234/r_my_kretprobe nf_conntrack_destroy
+		// p:ebpf_5678/p_my_kprobe __x64_sys_execve
+		//
+		// Leaving the kretprobe's MAXACTIVE set to 0 (or absent) will make the
+		// kernel default to NR_CPUS. This is desired in most eBPF cases since
+		// subsampling or rate limiting logic can be more accurately implemented in
+		// the eBPF program itself.
+		// See Documentation/kprobes.txt for more details.
+		pe = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s/%s %s", probePrefix(ret), group, symbol, symbol)
+	case uprobeType:
+		// The uprobe_events syntax is as follows:
+		// p[:[GRP/]EVENT] PATH:OFFSET [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
+		// r[:[GRP/]EVENT] PATH:OFFSET [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
+		// -:[GRP/]EVENT                           : Clear a probe
+		//
+		// Some examples:
+		// r:ebpf_1234/readline /bin/bash:0x12345
+		// p:ebpf_5678/main_mySymbol /bin/mybin:0x12345
+		//
+		// See Documentation/trace/uprobetracer.txt for more details.
+		pathOffset := uprobePathOffset(path, offset)
+		pe = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s/%s %s", probePrefix(ret), group, symbol, pathOffset)
+	}
 	_, err = f.WriteString(pe)
 	// Since commit 97c753e62e6c, ENOENT is correctly returned instead of EINVAL
 	// when trying to create a kretprobe for a missing symbol. Make sure ENOENT
 	// is returned to the caller.
 	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) || errors.Is(err, unix.EINVAL) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("kernel symbol %s not found: %w", symbol, os.ErrNotExist)
+		return fmt.Errorf("symbol %s not found: %w", symbol, os.ErrNotExist)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("writing '%s' to kprobe_events: %w", pe, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("writing '%s' to '%s': %w", pe, typ.EventsPath(), err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-// closeTraceFSKprobeEvent removes the kprobe with the given group, symbol and kind
-// from <tracefs>/kprobe_events.
-func closeTraceFSKprobeEvent(group, symbol string) error {
-	f, err := os.OpenFile(kprobeEventsPath, os.O_APPEND|os.O_WRONLY, 0666)
+// closeTraceFSProbeEvent removes the [k,u]probe with the given type, group and symbol
+// from <tracefs>/[k,u]probe_events.
+func closeTraceFSProbeEvent(typ probeType, group, symbol string) error {
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(typ.EventsPath(), os.O_APPEND|os.O_WRONLY, 0666)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error opening kprobe_events: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("error opening %s: %w", typ.EventsPath(), err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
-	// See kprobe_events syntax above. Kprobe type does not need to be specified
+	// See [k,u]probe_events syntax above. The probe type does not need to be specified
 	// for removals.
 	pe := fmt.Sprintf("-:%s/%s", group, symbol)
 	if _, err = f.WriteString(pe); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("writing '%s' to kprobe_events: %w", pe, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("writing '%s' to '%s': %w", pe, typ.EventsPath(), err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -288,9 +401,38 @@ func randomGroup(prefix string) (string, error) {
 	return group, nil
 }
 
-func kprobePrefix(ret bool) string {
+func probePrefix(ret bool) string {
 	if ret {
 		return "r"
 	}
 	return "p"
 }
+
+// determineRetprobeBit reads a Performance Monitoring Unit's retprobe bit
+// from /sys/bus/event_source/devices/<pmu>/format/retprobe.
+func determineRetprobeBit(typ probeType) (uint64, error) {
+	p := filepath.Join("/sys/bus/event_source/devices/", typ.String(), "/format/retprobe")
+
+	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	var rp uint64
+	n, err := fmt.Sscanf(string(bytes.TrimSpace(data)), "config:%d", &rp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("parse retprobe bit: %w", err)
+	}
+	if n != 1 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("parse retprobe bit: expected 1 item, got %d", n)
+	}
+
+	return rp, nil
+}
+
+func kretprobeBit() (uint64, error) {
+	kprobeRetprobeBit.once.Do(func() {
+		kprobeRetprobeBit.value, kprobeRetprobeBit.err = determineRetprobeBit(kprobeType)
+	})
+	return kprobeRetprobeBit.value, kprobeRetprobeBit.err
+}

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/link/perf_event.go

@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ import (
 //   exported kernel symbols. kprobe-based (tracefs) trace events can be
 //   created system-wide by writing to the <tracefs>/kprobe_events file, or
 //   they can be scoped to the current process by creating PMU perf events.
+// - u(ret)probe: Ephemeral trace events based on user provides ELF binaries
+//   and offsets. uprobe-based (tracefs) trace events can be
+//   created system-wide by writing to the <tracefs>/uprobe_events file, or
+//   they can be scoped to the current process by creating PMU perf events.
 // - perf event: An object instantiated based on an existing trace event or
 //   kernel symbol. Referred to by fd in userspace.
 //   Exactly one eBPF program can be attached to a perf event. Multiple perf
@@ -52,6 +56,16 @@ const (
 	perfAllThreads = -1
 )
 
+type perfEventType uint8
+
+const (
+	tracepointEvent perfEventType = iota
+	kprobeEvent
+	kretprobeEvent
+	uprobeEvent
+	uretprobeEvent
+)
+
 // A perfEvent represents a perf event kernel object. Exactly one eBPF program
 // can be attached to it. It is created based on a tracefs trace event or a
 // Performance Monitoring Unit (PMU).
@@ -66,11 +80,10 @@ type perfEvent struct {
 	// ID of the trace event read from tracefs. Valid IDs are non-zero.
 	tracefsID uint64
 
-	// True for kretprobes/uretprobes.
-	ret bool
+	// The event type determines the types of programs that can be attached.
+	typ perfEventType
 
-	fd       *internal.FD
-	progType ebpf.ProgramType
+	fd *internal.FD
 }
 
 func (pe *perfEvent) isLink() {}
@@ -117,13 +130,18 @@ func (pe *perfEvent) Close() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("closing perf event fd: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	switch t := pe.progType; t {
-	case ebpf.Kprobe:
-		// For kprobes created using tracefs, clean up the <tracefs>/kprobe_events entry.
+	switch pe.typ {
+	case kprobeEvent, kretprobeEvent:
+		// Clean up kprobe tracefs entry.
 		if pe.tracefsID != 0 {
-			return closeTraceFSKprobeEvent(pe.group, pe.name)
+			return closeTraceFSProbeEvent(kprobeType, pe.group, pe.name)
 		}
-	case ebpf.TracePoint:
+	case uprobeEvent, uretprobeEvent:
+		// Clean up uprobe tracefs entry.
+		if pe.tracefsID != 0 {
+			return closeTraceFSProbeEvent(uprobeType, pe.group, pe.name)
+		}
+	case tracepointEvent:
 		// Tracepoint trace events don't hold any extra resources.
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -141,12 +159,21 @@ func (pe *perfEvent) attach(prog *ebpf.Program) error {
 	if pe.fd == nil {
 		return errors.New("cannot attach to nil perf event")
 	}
-	if t := prog.Type(); t != pe.progType {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid program type (expected %s): %s", pe.progType, t)
-	}
 	if prog.FD() < 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid program: %w", internal.ErrClosedFd)
 	}
+	switch pe.typ {
+	case kprobeEvent, kretprobeEvent, uprobeEvent, uretprobeEvent:
+		if t := prog.Type(); t != ebpf.Kprobe {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid program type (expected %s): %s", ebpf.Kprobe, t)
+		}
+	case tracepointEvent:
+		if t := prog.Type(); t != ebpf.TracePoint {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid program type (expected %s): %s", ebpf.TracePoint, t)
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown perf event type: %d", pe.typ)
+	}
 
 	// The ioctl below will fail when the fd is invalid.
 	kfd, _ := pe.fd.Value()
@@ -180,8 +207,8 @@ func unsafeStringPtr(str string) (unsafe.Pointer, error) {
 // group and name must be alphanumeric or underscore, as required by the kernel.
 func getTraceEventID(group, name string) (uint64, error) {
 	tid, err := uint64FromFile(tracefsPath, "events", group, name, "id")
-	if errors.Is(err, ErrNotSupported) {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("trace event %s/%s: %w", group, name, ErrNotSupported)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("trace event %s/%s: %w", group, name, os.ErrNotExist)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("reading trace event ID of %s/%s: %w", group, name, err)
@@ -192,20 +219,22 @@ func getTraceEventID(group, name string) (uint64, error) {
 
 // getPMUEventType reads a Performance Monitoring Unit's type (numeric identifier)
 // from /sys/bus/event_source/devices/<pmu>/type.
-func getPMUEventType(pmu string) (uint64, error) {
-	et, err := uint64FromFile("/sys/bus/event_source/devices", pmu, "type")
-	if errors.Is(err, ErrNotSupported) {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("pmu type %s: %w", pmu, ErrNotSupported)
+//
+// Returns ErrNotSupported if the pmu type is not supported.
+func getPMUEventType(typ probeType) (uint64, error) {
+	et, err := uint64FromFile("/sys/bus/event_source/devices", typ.String(), "type")
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("pmu type %s: %w", typ, ErrNotSupported)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("reading pmu type %s: %w", pmu, err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("reading pmu type %s: %w", typ, err)
 	}
 
 	return et, nil
 }
 
 // openTracepointPerfEvent opens a tracepoint-type perf event. System-wide
-// kprobes created by writing to <tracefs>/kprobe_events are tracepoints
+// [k,u]probes created by writing to <tracefs>/[k,u]probe_events are tracepoints
 // behind the scenes, and can be attached to using these perf events.
 func openTracepointPerfEvent(tid uint64) (*internal.FD, error) {
 	attr := unix.PerfEventAttr{
@@ -228,22 +257,13 @@ func openTracepointPerfEvent(tid uint64) (*internal.FD, error) {
 // and joined onto base. Returns error if base no longer prefixes the path after
 // joining all components.
 func uint64FromFile(base string, path ...string) (uint64, error) {
-
-	// Resolve leaf path separately for error feedback. Makes the join onto
-	// base more readable (can't mix with variadic args).
 	l := filepath.Join(path...)
-
 	p := filepath.Join(base, l)
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(p, base) {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("path '%s' attempts to escape base path '%s': %w", l, base, errInvalidInput)
 	}
 
 	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(p)
-	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		// Only echo leaf path, the base path can be prepended at the call site
-		// if more verbosity is required.
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("symbol %s: %w", l, ErrNotSupported)
-	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("reading file %s: %w", p, err)
 	}

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/link/platform.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package link
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+)
+
+func platformPrefix(symbol string) string {
+
+	prefix := runtime.GOARCH
+
+	// per https://github.com/golang/go/blob/master/src/go/build/syslist.go
+	switch prefix {
+	case "386":
+		prefix = "ia32"
+	case "amd64", "amd64p32":
+		prefix = "x64"
+	case "arm64", "arm64be":
+		prefix = "arm64"
+	default:
+		return symbol
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("__%s_%s", prefix, symbol)
+}

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/link/program.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func RawAttachProgram(opts RawAttachProgramOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	if err := internal.BPFProgAttach(&attr); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't attach program: %s", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't attach program: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func RawDetachProgram(opts RawDetachProgramOptions) error {
 		AttachType:  uint32(opts.Attach),
 	}
 	if err := internal.BPFProgDetach(&attr); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't detach program: %s", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't detach program: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/link/tracepoint.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 // tracepoints. The top-level directory is the group, the event's subdirectory
 // is the name. Example:
 //
-//	Tracepoint("syscalls", "sys_enter_fork")
+//	Tracepoint("syscalls", "sys_enter_fork", prog)
 //
 // Note that attaching eBPF programs to syscalls (sys_enter_*/sys_exit_*) is
 // only possible as of kernel 4.14 (commit cf5f5ce).
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func Tracepoint(group, name string, prog *ebpf.Program) (Link, error) {
 		tracefsID: tid,
 		group:     group,
 		name:      name,
-		progType:  ebpf.TracePoint,
+		typ:       tracepointEvent,
 	}
 
 	if err := pe.attach(prog); err != nil {

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/link/uprobe.go

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+package link
+
+import (
+	"debug/elf"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/cilium/ebpf"
+	"github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal"
+)
+
+var (
+	uprobeEventsPath = filepath.Join(tracefsPath, "uprobe_events")
+
+	// rgxUprobeSymbol is used to strip invalid characters from the uprobe symbol
+	// as they are not allowed to be used as the EVENT token in tracefs.
+	rgxUprobeSymbol = regexp.MustCompile("[^a-zA-Z0-9]+")
+
+	uprobeRetprobeBit = struct {
+		once  sync.Once
+		value uint64
+		err   error
+	}{}
+)
+
+// Executable defines an executable program on the filesystem.
+type Executable struct {
+	// Path of the executable on the filesystem.
+	path string
+	// Parsed ELF symbols and dynamic symbols.
+	symbols map[string]elf.Symbol
+}
+
+// To open a new Executable, use:
+//
+//	OpenExecutable("/bin/bash")
+//
+// The returned value can then be used to open Uprobe(s).
+func OpenExecutable(path string) (*Executable, error) {
+	if path == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("path cannot be empty")
+	}
+
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("open file '%s': %w", path, err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	se, err := internal.NewSafeELFFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse ELF file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var ex = Executable{
+		path:    path,
+		symbols: make(map[string]elf.Symbol),
+	}
+	if err := ex.addSymbols(se.Symbols); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := ex.addSymbols(se.DynamicSymbols); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &ex, nil
+}
+
+func (ex *Executable) addSymbols(f func() ([]elf.Symbol, error)) error {
+	// elf.Symbols and elf.DynamicSymbols return ErrNoSymbols if the section is not found.
+	syms, err := f()
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, elf.ErrNoSymbols) {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		ex.symbols[s.Name] = s
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (ex *Executable) symbol(symbol string) (*elf.Symbol, error) {
+	if s, ok := ex.symbols[symbol]; ok {
+		return &s, nil
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("symbol %s not found", symbol)
+}
+
+// Uprobe attaches the given eBPF program to a perf event that fires when the
+// given symbol starts executing in the given Executable.
+// For example, /bin/bash::main():
+//
+//  ex, _ = OpenExecutable("/bin/bash")
+//  ex.Uprobe("main", prog)
+//
+// The resulting Link must be Closed during program shutdown to avoid leaking
+// system resources. Functions provided by shared libraries can currently not
+// be traced and will result in an ErrNotSupported.
+func (ex *Executable) Uprobe(symbol string, prog *ebpf.Program) (Link, error) {
+	u, err := ex.uprobe(symbol, prog, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = u.attach(prog)
+	if err != nil {
+		u.Close()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return u, nil
+}
+
+// Uretprobe attaches the given eBPF program to a perf event that fires right
+// before the given symbol exits. For example, /bin/bash::main():
+//
+//  ex, _ = OpenExecutable("/bin/bash")
+//  ex.Uretprobe("main", prog)
+//
+// The resulting Link must be Closed during program shutdown to avoid leaking
+// system resources. Functions provided by shared libraries can currently not
+// be traced and will result in an ErrNotSupported.
+func (ex *Executable) Uretprobe(symbol string, prog *ebpf.Program) (Link, error) {
+	u, err := ex.uprobe(symbol, prog, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = u.attach(prog)
+	if err != nil {
+		u.Close()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return u, nil
+}
+
+// uprobe opens a perf event for the given binary/symbol and attaches prog to it.
+// If ret is true, create a uretprobe.
+func (ex *Executable) uprobe(symbol string, prog *ebpf.Program, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
+	if prog == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("prog cannot be nil: %w", errInvalidInput)
+	}
+	if prog.Type() != ebpf.Kprobe {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("eBPF program type %s is not Kprobe: %w", prog.Type(), errInvalidInput)
+	}
+
+	sym, err := ex.symbol(symbol)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("symbol '%s' not found in '%s': %w", symbol, ex.path, err)
+	}
+
+	// Symbols with location 0 from section undef are shared library calls and
+	// are relocated before the binary is executed. Dynamic linking is not
+	// implemented by the library, so mark this as unsupported for now.
+	if sym.Section == elf.SHN_UNDEF && sym.Value == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot resolve %s library call '%s': %w", ex.path, symbol, ErrNotSupported)
+	}
+
+	// Use uprobe PMU if the kernel has it available.
+	tp, err := pmuUprobe(sym.Name, ex.path, sym.Value, ret)
+	if err == nil {
+		return tp, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrNotSupported) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating perf_uprobe PMU: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Use tracefs if uprobe PMU is missing.
+	tp, err = tracefsUprobe(uprobeSanitizedSymbol(sym.Name), ex.path, sym.Value, ret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating trace event '%s:%s' in tracefs: %w", ex.path, symbol, err)
+	}
+
+	return tp, nil
+}
+
+// pmuUprobe opens a perf event based on the uprobe PMU.
+func pmuUprobe(symbol, path string, offset uint64, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
+	return pmuProbe(uprobeType, symbol, path, offset, ret)
+}
+
+// tracefsUprobe creates a Uprobe tracefs entry.
+func tracefsUprobe(symbol, path string, offset uint64, ret bool) (*perfEvent, error) {
+	return tracefsProbe(uprobeType, symbol, path, offset, ret)
+}
+
+// uprobeSanitizedSymbol replaces every invalid characted for the tracefs api with an underscore.
+func uprobeSanitizedSymbol(symbol string) string {
+	return rgxUprobeSymbol.ReplaceAllString(symbol, "_")
+}
+
+// uprobePathOffset creates the PATH:OFFSET token for the tracefs api.
+func uprobePathOffset(path string, offset uint64) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%#x", path, offset)
+}
+
+func uretprobeBit() (uint64, error) {
+	uprobeRetprobeBit.once.Do(func() {
+		uprobeRetprobeBit.value, uprobeRetprobeBit.err = determineRetprobeBit(uprobeType)
+	})
+	return uprobeRetprobeBit.value, uprobeRetprobeBit.err
+}

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/linker.go

@@ -108,12 +108,16 @@ func fixupJumpsAndCalls(insns asm.Instructions) error {
 		offset := iter.Offset
 		ins := iter.Ins
 
+		if ins.Reference == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		switch {
 		case ins.IsFunctionCall() && ins.Constant == -1:
 			// Rewrite bpf to bpf call
 			callOffset, ok := symbolOffsets[ins.Reference]
 			if !ok {
-				return fmt.Errorf("instruction %d: reference to missing symbol %q", i, ins.Reference)
+				return fmt.Errorf("call at %d: reference to missing symbol %q", i, ins.Reference)
 			}
 
 			ins.Constant = int64(callOffset - offset - 1)
@@ -122,10 +126,13 @@ func fixupJumpsAndCalls(insns asm.Instructions) error {
 			// Rewrite jump to label
 			jumpOffset, ok := symbolOffsets[ins.Reference]
 			if !ok {
-				return fmt.Errorf("instruction %d: reference to missing symbol %q", i, ins.Reference)
+				return fmt.Errorf("jump at %d: reference to missing symbol %q", i, ins.Reference)
 			}
 
 			ins.Offset = int16(jumpOffset - offset - 1)
+
+		case ins.IsLoadFromMap() && ins.MapPtr() == -1:
+			return fmt.Errorf("map %s: %w", ins.Reference, errUnsatisfiedReference)
 		}
 	}
 

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/map.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ var (
 	ErrKeyNotExist      = errors.New("key does not exist")
 	ErrKeyExist         = errors.New("key already exists")
 	ErrIterationAborted = errors.New("iteration aborted")
+	ErrMapIncompatible  = errors.New("map's spec is incompatible with pinned map")
 )
 
 // MapOptions control loading a map into the kernel.
@@ -87,6 +88,23 @@ func (ms *MapSpec) Copy() *MapSpec {
 	return &cpy
 }
 
+func (ms *MapSpec) clampPerfEventArraySize() error {
+	if ms.Type != PerfEventArray {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	n, err := internal.PossibleCPUs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("perf event array: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if n := uint32(n); ms.MaxEntries > n {
+		ms.MaxEntries = n
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // MapKV is used to initialize the contents of a Map.
 type MapKV struct {
 	Key   interface{}
@@ -96,19 +114,19 @@ type MapKV struct {
 func (ms *MapSpec) checkCompatibility(m *Map) error {
 	switch {
 	case m.typ != ms.Type:
-		return fmt.Errorf("expected type %v, got %v", ms.Type, m.typ)
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected type %v, got %v: %w", ms.Type, m.typ, ErrMapIncompatible)
 
 	case m.keySize != ms.KeySize:
-		return fmt.Errorf("expected key size %v, got %v", ms.KeySize, m.keySize)
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected key size %v, got %v: %w", ms.KeySize, m.keySize, ErrMapIncompatible)
 
 	case m.valueSize != ms.ValueSize:
-		return fmt.Errorf("expected value size %v, got %v", ms.ValueSize, m.valueSize)
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected value size %v, got %v: %w", ms.ValueSize, m.valueSize, ErrMapIncompatible)
 
 	case m.maxEntries != ms.MaxEntries:
-		return fmt.Errorf("expected max entries %v, got %v", ms.MaxEntries, m.maxEntries)
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected max entries %v, got %v: %w", ms.MaxEntries, m.maxEntries, ErrMapIncompatible)
 
 	case m.flags != ms.Flags:
-		return fmt.Errorf("expected flags %v, got %v", ms.Flags, m.flags)
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected flags %v, got %v: %w", ms.Flags, m.flags, ErrMapIncompatible)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -171,14 +189,16 @@ func NewMap(spec *MapSpec) (*Map, error) {
 // The caller is responsible for ensuring the process' rlimit is set
 // sufficiently high for locking memory during map creation. This can be done
 // by calling unix.Setrlimit with unix.RLIMIT_MEMLOCK prior to calling NewMapWithOptions.
+//
+// May return an error wrapping ErrMapIncompatible.
 func NewMapWithOptions(spec *MapSpec, opts MapOptions) (*Map, error) {
-	btfs := make(btfHandleCache)
-	defer btfs.close()
+	handles := newHandleCache()
+	defer handles.close()
 
-	return newMapWithOptions(spec, opts, btfs)
+	return newMapWithOptions(spec, opts, handles)
 }
 
-func newMapWithOptions(spec *MapSpec, opts MapOptions, btfs btfHandleCache) (_ *Map, err error) {
+func newMapWithOptions(spec *MapSpec, opts MapOptions, handles *handleCache) (_ *Map, err error) {
 	closeOnError := func(c io.Closer) {
 		if err != nil {
 			c.Close()
@@ -202,7 +222,7 @@ func newMapWithOptions(spec *MapSpec, opts MapOptions, btfs btfHandleCache) (_ *
 		defer closeOnError(m)
 
 		if err := spec.checkCompatibility(m); err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("use pinned map %s: %s", spec.Name, err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("use pinned map %s: %w", spec.Name, err)
 		}
 
 		return m, nil
@@ -211,7 +231,7 @@ func newMapWithOptions(spec *MapSpec, opts MapOptions, btfs btfHandleCache) (_ *
 		// Nothing to do here
 
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported pin type %d", int(spec.Pinning))
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pin type %d: %w", int(spec.Pinning), ErrNotSupported)
 	}
 
 	var innerFd *internal.FD
@@ -224,7 +244,7 @@ func newMapWithOptions(spec *MapSpec, opts MapOptions, btfs btfHandleCache) (_ *
 			return nil, errors.New("inner maps cannot be pinned")
 		}
 
-		template, err := createMap(spec.InnerMap, nil, opts, btfs)
+		template, err := createMap(spec.InnerMap, nil, opts, handles)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -233,7 +253,7 @@ func newMapWithOptions(spec *MapSpec, opts MapOptions, btfs btfHandleCache) (_ *
 		innerFd = template.fd
 	}
 
-	m, err := createMap(spec, innerFd, opts, btfs)
+	m, err := createMap(spec, innerFd, opts, handles)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -249,7 +269,7 @@ func newMapWithOptions(spec *MapSpec, opts MapOptions, btfs btfHandleCache) (_ *
 	return m, nil
 }
 
-func createMap(spec *MapSpec, inner *internal.FD, opts MapOptions, btfs btfHandleCache) (_ *Map, err error) {
+func createMap(spec *MapSpec, inner *internal.FD, opts MapOptions, handles *handleCache) (_ *Map, err error) {
 	closeOnError := func(closer io.Closer) {
 		if err != nil {
 			closer.Close()
@@ -320,7 +340,7 @@ func createMap(spec *MapSpec, inner *internal.FD, opts MapOptions, btfs btfHandl
 
 	var btfDisabled bool
 	if spec.BTF != nil {
-		handle, err := btfs.load(btf.MapSpec(spec.BTF))
+		handle, err := handles.btfHandle(btf.MapSpec(spec.BTF))
 		btfDisabled = errors.Is(err, btf.ErrNotSupported)
 		if err != nil && !btfDisabled {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("load BTF: %w", err)

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/prog.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"math"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ import (
 // ErrNotSupported is returned whenever the kernel doesn't support a feature.
 var ErrNotSupported = internal.ErrNotSupported
 
+var errUnsatisfiedReference = errors.New("unsatisfied reference")
+
 // ProgramID represents the unique ID of an eBPF program.
 type ProgramID uint32
 
@@ -41,6 +44,12 @@ type ProgramOptions struct {
 	// Controls the output buffer size for the verifier. Defaults to
 	// DefaultVerifierLogSize.
 	LogSize int
+	// An ELF containing the target BTF for this program. It is used both to
+	// find the correct function to trace and to apply CO-RE relocations.
+	// This is useful in environments where the kernel BTF is not available
+	// (containers) or where it is in a non-standard location. Defaults to
+	// use the kernel BTF from a well-known location.
+	TargetBTF io.ReaderAt
 }
 
 // ProgramSpec defines a Program.
@@ -125,21 +134,21 @@ func NewProgram(spec *ProgramSpec) (*Program, error) {
 // Loading a program for the first time will perform
 // feature detection by loading small, temporary programs.
 func NewProgramWithOptions(spec *ProgramSpec, opts ProgramOptions) (*Program, error) {
-	btfs := make(btfHandleCache)
-	defer btfs.close()
+	handles := newHandleCache()
+	defer handles.close()
 
-	return newProgramWithOptions(spec, opts, btfs)
+	prog, err := newProgramWithOptions(spec, opts, handles)
+	if errors.Is(err, errUnsatisfiedReference) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot load program without loading its whole collection: %w", err)
+	}
+	return prog, err
 }
 
-func newProgramWithOptions(spec *ProgramSpec, opts ProgramOptions, btfs btfHandleCache) (*Program, error) {
+func newProgramWithOptions(spec *ProgramSpec, opts ProgramOptions, handles *handleCache) (*Program, error) {
 	if len(spec.Instructions) == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.New("Instructions cannot be empty")
 	}
 
-	if len(spec.License) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("License cannot be empty")
-	}
-
 	if spec.ByteOrder != nil && spec.ByteOrder != internal.NativeEndian {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't load %s program on %s", spec.ByteOrder, internal.NativeEndian)
 	}
@@ -157,27 +166,10 @@ func newProgramWithOptions(spec *ProgramSpec, opts ProgramOptions, btfs btfHandl
 		kv = v.Kernel()
 	}
 
-	insns := make(asm.Instructions, len(spec.Instructions))
-	copy(insns, spec.Instructions)
-
-	if err := fixupJumpsAndCalls(insns); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, len(spec.Instructions)*asm.InstructionSize))
-	err := insns.Marshal(buf, internal.NativeEndian)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	bytecode := buf.Bytes()
-	insCount := uint32(len(bytecode) / asm.InstructionSize)
 	attr := &bpfProgLoadAttr{
 		progType:           spec.Type,
 		progFlags:          spec.Flags,
 		expectedAttachType: spec.AttachType,
-		insCount:           insCount,
-		instructions:       internal.NewSlicePointer(bytecode),
 		license:            internal.NewStringPointer(spec.License),
 		kernelVersion:      kv,
 	}
@@ -186,15 +178,24 @@ func newProgramWithOptions(spec *ProgramSpec, opts ProgramOptions, btfs btfHandl
 		attr.progName = newBPFObjName(spec.Name)
 	}
 
+	var err error
+	var targetBTF *btf.Spec
+	if opts.TargetBTF != nil {
+		targetBTF, err = handles.btfSpec(opts.TargetBTF)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("load target BTF: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	var btfDisabled bool
+	var core btf.COREFixups
 	if spec.BTF != nil {
-		if relos, err := btf.ProgramRelocations(spec.BTF, nil); err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("CO-RE relocations: %s", err)
-		} else if len(relos) > 0 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("applying CO-RE relocations: %w", ErrNotSupported)
+		core, err = btf.ProgramFixups(spec.BTF, targetBTF)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("CO-RE relocations: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		handle, err := btfs.load(btf.ProgramSpec(spec.BTF))
+		handle, err := handles.btfHandle(btf.ProgramSpec(spec.BTF))
 		btfDisabled = errors.Is(err, btf.ErrNotSupported)
 		if err != nil && !btfDisabled {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("load BTF: %w", err)
@@ -221,8 +222,27 @@ func newProgramWithOptions(spec *ProgramSpec, opts ProgramOptions, btfs btfHandl
 		}
 	}
 
+	insns, err := core.Apply(spec.Instructions)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("CO-RE fixup: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := fixupJumpsAndCalls(insns); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, len(spec.Instructions)*asm.InstructionSize))
+	err = insns.Marshal(buf, internal.NativeEndian)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	bytecode := buf.Bytes()
+	attr.instructions = internal.NewSlicePointer(bytecode)
+	attr.insCount = uint32(len(bytecode) / asm.InstructionSize)
+
 	if spec.AttachTo != "" {
-		target, err := resolveBTFType(spec.AttachTo, spec.Type, spec.AttachType)
+		target, err := resolveBTFType(targetBTF, spec.AttachTo, spec.Type, spec.AttachType)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -250,7 +270,7 @@ func newProgramWithOptions(spec *ProgramSpec, opts ProgramOptions, btfs btfHandl
 	}
 
 	logErr := err
-	if opts.LogLevel == 0 {
+	if opts.LogLevel == 0 && opts.LogSize >= 0 {
 		// Re-run with the verifier enabled to get better error messages.
 		logBuf = make([]byte, logSize)
 		attr.logLevel = 1
@@ -664,52 +684,45 @@ func (p *Program) ID() (ProgramID, error) {
 	return ProgramID(info.id), nil
 }
 
-func findKernelType(name string, typ btf.Type) error {
-	kernel, err := btf.LoadKernelSpec()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't load kernel spec: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return kernel.FindType(name, typ)
-}
-
-func resolveBTFType(name string, progType ProgramType, attachType AttachType) (btf.Type, error) {
+func resolveBTFType(kernel *btf.Spec, name string, progType ProgramType, attachType AttachType) (btf.Type, error) {
 	type match struct {
 		p ProgramType
 		a AttachType
 	}
 
-	target := match{progType, attachType}
-	switch target {
+	var target btf.Type
+	var typeName, featureName string
+	switch (match{progType, attachType}) {
 	case match{LSM, AttachLSMMac}:
-		var target btf.Func
-		err := findKernelType("bpf_lsm_"+name, &target)
-		if errors.Is(err, btf.ErrNotFound) {
-			return nil, &internal.UnsupportedFeatureError{
-				Name: name + " LSM hook",
-			}
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolve BTF for LSM hook %s: %w", name, err)
-		}
-
-		return &target, nil
+		target = new(btf.Func)
+		typeName = "bpf_lsm_" + name
+		featureName = name + " LSM hook"
 
 	case match{Tracing, AttachTraceIter}:
-		var target btf.Func
-		err := findKernelType("bpf_iter_"+name, &target)
-		if errors.Is(err, btf.ErrNotFound) {
-			return nil, &internal.UnsupportedFeatureError{
-				Name: name + " iterator",
-			}
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolve BTF for iterator %s: %w", name, err)
-		}
-
-		return &target, nil
+		target = new(btf.Func)
+		typeName = "bpf_iter_" + name
+		featureName = name + " iterator"
 
 	default:
 		return nil, nil
 	}
+
+	if kernel == nil {
+		var err error
+		kernel, err = btf.LoadKernelSpec()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("load kernel spec: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	err := kernel.FindType(typeName, target)
+	if errors.Is(err, btf.ErrNotFound) {
+		return nil, &internal.UnsupportedFeatureError{
+			Name: featureName,
+		}
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolve BTF for %s: %w", featureName, err)
+	}
+	return target, nil
 }

vendor/github.com/cilium/ebpf/run-tests.sh

@@ -1,56 +1,95 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Test the current package under a different kernel.
 # Requires virtme and qemu to be installed.
+# Examples:
+#     Run all tests on a 5.4 kernel
+#     $ ./run-tests.sh 5.4
+#     Run a subset of tests:
+#     $ ./run-tests.sh 5.4 go test ./link
 
-set -eu
-set -o pipefail
+set -euo pipefail
 
-if [[ "${1:-}" = "--in-vm" ]]; then
+script="$(realpath "$0")"
+readonly script
+
+# This script is a bit like a Matryoshka doll since it keeps re-executing itself
+# in various different contexts:
+#
+#   1. invoked by the user like run-tests.sh 5.4
+#   2. invoked by go test like run-tests.sh --exec-vm
+#   3. invoked by init in the vm like run-tests.sh --exec-test
+#
+# This allows us to use all available CPU on the host machine to compile our
+# code, and then only use the VM to execute the test. This is because the VM
+# is usually slower at compiling than the host.
+if [[ "${1:-}" = "--exec-vm" ]]; then
+  shift
+
+  input="$1"
+  shift
+
+  # Use sudo if /dev/kvm isn't accessible by the current user.
+  sudo=""
+  if [[ ! -r /dev/kvm || ! -w /dev/kvm ]]; then
+    sudo="sudo"
+  fi
+  readonly sudo
+
+  testdir="$(dirname "$1")"
+  output="$(mktemp -d)"
+  printf -v cmd "%q " "$@"
+
+  if [[ "$(stat -c '%t:%T' -L /proc/$$/fd/0)" == "1:3" ]]; then
+    # stdin is /dev/null, which doesn't play well with qemu. Use a fifo as a
+    # blocking substitute.
+    mkfifo "${output}/fake-stdin"
+    # Open for reading and writing to avoid blocking.
+    exec 0<> "${output}/fake-stdin"
+    rm "${output}/fake-stdin"
+  fi
+
+  $sudo virtme-run --kimg "${input}/bzImage" --memory 768M --pwd \
+  --rwdir="${testdir}=${testdir}" \
+  --rodir=/run/input="${input}" \
+  --rwdir=/run/output="${output}" \
+  --script-sh "PATH=\"$PATH\" \"$script\" --exec-test $cmd" \
+  --qemu-opts -smp 2 # need at least two CPUs for some tests
+
+  if [[ ! -e "${output}/success" ]]; then
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  $sudo rm -r "$output"
+  exit 0
+elif [[ "${1:-}" = "--exec-test" ]]; then
   shift
 
   mount -t bpf bpf /sys/fs/bpf
   mount -t tracefs tracefs /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
-  export CGO_ENABLED=0
-  export GOFLAGS=-mod=readonly
-  export GOPATH=/run/go-path
-  export GOPROXY=file:///run/go-path/pkg/mod/cache/download
-  export GOSUMDB=off
-  export GOCACHE=/run/go-cache
 
   if [[ -d "/run/input/bpf" ]]; then
     export KERNEL_SELFTESTS="/run/input/bpf"
   fi
 
-  readonly output="${1}"
-  shift
-
-  echo Running tests...
-  go test -v -coverpkg=./... -coverprofile="$output/coverage.txt" -count 1 ./...
-  touch "$output/success"
+  dmesg -C
+  if ! "$@"; then
+    dmesg
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  touch "/run/output/success"
   exit 0
 fi
 
-# Pull all dependencies, so that we can run tests without the
-# vm having network access.
-go mod download
-
-# Use sudo if /dev/kvm isn't accessible by the current user.
-sudo=""
-if [[ ! -r /dev/kvm || ! -w /dev/kvm ]]; then
-  sudo="sudo"
-fi
-readonly sudo
-
 readonly kernel_version="${1:-}"
 if [[ -z "${kernel_version}" ]]; then
   echo "Expecting kernel version as first argument"
   exit 1
 fi
+shift
 
 readonly kernel="linux-${kernel_version}.bz"
 readonly selftests="linux-${kernel_version}-selftests-bpf.bz"
 readonly input="$(mktemp -d)"
-readonly output="$(mktemp -d)"
 readonly tmp_dir="${TMPDIR:-/tmp}"
 readonly branch="${BRANCH:-master}"
 
@@ -60,6 +99,7 @@ fetch() {
 }
 
 fetch "${kernel}"
+cp "${tmp_dir}/${kernel}" "${input}/bzImage"
 
 if fetch "${selftests}"; then
   mkdir "${input}/bpf"
@@ -68,25 +108,16 @@ else
   echo "No selftests found, disabling"
 fi
 
-echo Testing on "${kernel_version}"
-$sudo virtme-run --kimg "${tmp_dir}/${kernel}" --memory 512M --pwd \
-  --rw \
-  --rwdir=/run/input="${input}" \
-  --rwdir=/run/output="${output}" \
-  --rodir=/run/go-path="$(go env GOPATH)" \
-  --rwdir=/run/go-cache="$(go env GOCACHE)" \
-  --script-sh "PATH=\"$PATH\" $(realpath "$0") --in-vm /run/output" \
-  --qemu-opts -smp 2 # need at least two CPUs for some tests
-
-if [[ ! -e "${output}/success" ]]; then
-  echo "Test failed on ${kernel_version}"
-  exit 1
-else
-  echo "Test successful on ${kernel_version}"
-  if [[ -v COVERALLS_TOKEN ]]; then
-    goveralls -coverprofile="${output}/coverage.txt" -service=semaphore -repotoken "$COVERALLS_TOKEN"
-  fi
+args=(-v -short -coverpkg=./... -coverprofile=coverage.out -count 1 ./...)
+if (( $# > 0 )); then
+  args=("$@")
 fi
 
-$sudo rm -r "${input}"
-$sudo rm -r "${output}"
+export GOFLAGS=-mod=readonly
+export CGO_ENABLED=0
+
+echo Testing on "${kernel_version}"
+go test -exec "$script --exec-vm $input" "${args[@]}"
+echo "Test successful on ${kernel_version}"
+
+rm -r "${input}"