kubernetes/pkg/scheduler/core/generic_scheduler.go

/*
Copyright 2014 The Kubernetes Authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package core

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"k8s.io/klog/v2"

	v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
	corev1helpers "k8s.io/component-helpers/scheduling/corev1"
	extenderv1 "k8s.io/kube-scheduler/extender/v1"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/scheduler/framework"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/scheduler/framework/runtime"
	internalcache "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/scheduler/internal/cache"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/scheduler/internal/parallelize"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/scheduler/metrics"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/scheduler/util"
	utiltrace "k8s.io/utils/trace"
)

const (
	// minFeasibleNodesToFind is the minimum number of nodes that would be scored
	// in each scheduling cycle. This is a semi-arbitrary value to ensure that a
	// certain minimum of nodes are checked for feasibility. This in turn helps
	// ensure a minimum level of spreading.
	minFeasibleNodesToFind = 100
	// minFeasibleNodesPercentageToFind is the minimum percentage of nodes that
	// would be scored in each scheduling cycle. This is a semi-arbitrary value
	// to ensure that a certain minimum of nodes are checked for feasibility.
	// This in turn helps ensure a minimum level of spreading.
	minFeasibleNodesPercentageToFind = 5
)

// FitError describes a fit error of a pod.
type FitError struct {
	Pod                   *v1.Pod
	NumAllNodes           int
	FilteredNodesStatuses framework.NodeToStatusMap
}

// ErrNoNodesAvailable is used to describe the error that no nodes available to schedule pods.
var ErrNoNodesAvailable = fmt.Errorf("no nodes available to schedule pods")

const (
	// NoNodeAvailableMsg is used to format message when no nodes available.
	NoNodeAvailableMsg = "0/%v nodes are available"
)

// Error returns detailed information of why the pod failed to fit on each node
func (f *FitError) Error() string {
	reasons := make(map[string]int)
	for _, status := range f.FilteredNodesStatuses {
		for _, reason := range status.Reasons() {
			reasons[reason]++
		}
	}

	sortReasonsHistogram := func() []string {
		var reasonStrings []string
		for k, v := range reasons {
			reasonStrings = append(reasonStrings, fmt.Sprintf("%v %v", v, k))
		}
		sort.Strings(reasonStrings)
		return reasonStrings
	}
	reasonMsg := fmt.Sprintf(NoNodeAvailableMsg+": %v.", f.NumAllNodes, strings.Join(sortReasonsHistogram(), ", "))
	return reasonMsg
}

// ScheduleAlgorithm is an interface implemented by things that know how to schedule pods
// onto machines.
// TODO: Rename this type.
type ScheduleAlgorithm interface {
	Schedule(context.Context, framework.Framework, *framework.CycleState, *v1.Pod) (scheduleResult ScheduleResult, err error)
	// Extenders returns a slice of extender config. This is exposed for
	// testing.
	Extenders() []framework.Extender
}

// ScheduleResult represents the result of one pod scheduled. It will contain
// the final selected Node, along with the selected intermediate information.
type ScheduleResult struct {
	// Name of the scheduler suggest host
	SuggestedHost string
	// Number of nodes scheduler evaluated on one pod scheduled
	EvaluatedNodes int
	// Number of feasible nodes on one pod scheduled
	FeasibleNodes int
}

type genericScheduler struct {
	cache                    internalcache.Cache
	extenders                []framework.Extender
	nodeInfoSnapshot         *internalcache.Snapshot
	percentageOfNodesToScore int32
	nextStartNodeIndex       int
}

// snapshot snapshots scheduler cache and node infos for all fit and priority
// functions.
func (g *genericScheduler) snapshot() error {
	// Used for all fit and priority funcs.
	return g.cache.UpdateSnapshot(g.nodeInfoSnapshot)
}

// Schedule tries to schedule the given pod to one of the nodes in the node list.
// If it succeeds, it will return the name of the node.
// If it fails, it will return a FitError error with reasons.
func (g *genericScheduler) Schedule(ctx context.Context, fwk framework.Framework, state *framework.CycleState, pod *v1.Pod) (result ScheduleResult, err error) {
	trace := utiltrace.New("Scheduling", utiltrace.Field{Key: "namespace", Value: pod.Namespace}, utiltrace.Field{Key: "name", Value: pod.Name})
	defer trace.LogIfLong(100 * time.Millisecond)

	if err := g.snapshot(); err != nil {
		return result, err
	}
	trace.Step("Snapshotting scheduler cache and node infos done")

	if g.nodeInfoSnapshot.NumNodes() == 0 {
		return result, ErrNoNodesAvailable
	}

	feasibleNodes, filteredNodesStatuses, err := g.findNodesThatFitPod(ctx, fwk, state, pod)
	if err != nil {
		return result, err
	}
	trace.Step("Computing predicates done")

	if len(feasibleNodes) == 0 {
		return result, &FitError{
			Pod:                   pod,
			NumAllNodes:           g.nodeInfoSnapshot.NumNodes(),
			FilteredNodesStatuses: filteredNodesStatuses,
		}
	}

	// When only one node after predicate, just use it.
	if len(feasibleNodes) == 1 {
		return ScheduleResult{
			SuggestedHost:  feasibleNodes[0].Name,
			EvaluatedNodes: 1 + len(filteredNodesStatuses),
			FeasibleNodes:  1,
		}, nil
	}

	priorityList, err := g.prioritizeNodes(ctx, fwk, state, pod, feasibleNodes)
	if err != nil {
		return result, err
	}

	host, err := g.selectHost(priorityList)
	trace.Step("Prioritizing done")

	return ScheduleResult{
		SuggestedHost:  host,
		EvaluatedNodes: len(feasibleNodes) + len(filteredNodesStatuses),
		FeasibleNodes:  len(feasibleNodes),
	}, err
}

func (g *genericScheduler) Extenders() []framework.Extender {
	return g.extenders
}

// selectHost takes a prioritized list of nodes and then picks one
// in a reservoir sampling manner from the nodes that had the highest score.
func (g *genericScheduler) selectHost(nodeScoreList framework.NodeScoreList) (string, error) {
	if len(nodeScoreList) == 0 {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("empty priorityList")
	}
	maxScore := nodeScoreList[0].Score
	selected := nodeScoreList[0].Name
	cntOfMaxScore := 1
	for _, ns := range nodeScoreList[1:] {
		if ns.Score > maxScore {
			maxScore = ns.Score
			selected = ns.Name
			cntOfMaxScore = 1
		} else if ns.Score == maxScore {
			cntOfMaxScore++
			if rand.Intn(cntOfMaxScore) == 0 {
				// Replace the candidate with probability of 1/cntOfMaxScore
				selected = ns.Name
			}
		}
	}
	return selected, nil
}

// numFeasibleNodesToFind returns the number of feasible nodes that once found, the scheduler stops
// its search for more feasible nodes.
func (g *genericScheduler) numFeasibleNodesToFind(numAllNodes int32) (numNodes int32) {
	if numAllNodes < minFeasibleNodesToFind || g.percentageOfNodesToScore >= 100 {
		return numAllNodes
	}

	adaptivePercentage := g.percentageOfNodesToScore
	if adaptivePercentage <= 0 {
		basePercentageOfNodesToScore := int32(50)
		adaptivePercentage = basePercentageOfNodesToScore - numAllNodes/125
		if adaptivePercentage < minFeasibleNodesPercentageToFind {
			adaptivePercentage = minFeasibleNodesPercentageToFind
		}
	}

	numNodes = numAllNodes * adaptivePercentage / 100
	if numNodes < minFeasibleNodesToFind {
		return minFeasibleNodesToFind
	}

	return numNodes
}

// Filters the nodes to find the ones that fit the pod based on the framework
// filter plugins and filter extenders.
func (g *genericScheduler) findNodesThatFitPod(ctx context.Context, fwk framework.Framework, state *framework.CycleState, pod *v1.Pod) ([]*v1.Node, framework.NodeToStatusMap, error) {
	filteredNodesStatuses := make(framework.NodeToStatusMap)

	// Run "prefilter" plugins.
	s := fwk.RunPreFilterPlugins(ctx, state, pod)
	if !s.IsSuccess() {
		if !s.IsUnschedulable() {
			return nil, nil, s.AsError()
		}
		// All nodes will have the same status. Some non trivial refactoring is
		// needed to avoid this copy.
		allNodes, err := g.nodeInfoSnapshot.NodeInfos().List()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		for _, n := range allNodes {
			filteredNodesStatuses[n.Node().Name] = s
		}
		return nil, filteredNodesStatuses, nil
	}

	feasibleNodes, err := g.findNodesThatPassFilters(ctx, fwk, state, pod, filteredNodesStatuses)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	feasibleNodes, err = g.findNodesThatPassExtenders(pod, feasibleNodes, filteredNodesStatuses)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	return feasibleNodes, filteredNodesStatuses, nil
}

// findNodesThatPassFilters finds the nodes that fit the filter plugins.
func (g *genericScheduler) findNodesThatPassFilters(ctx context.Context, fwk framework.Framework, state *framework.CycleState, pod *v1.Pod, statuses framework.NodeToStatusMap) ([]*v1.Node, error) {
	allNodes, err := g.nodeInfoSnapshot.NodeInfos().List()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	numNodesToFind := g.numFeasibleNodesToFind(int32(len(allNodes)))

	// Create feasible list with enough space to avoid growing it
	// and allow assigning.
	feasibleNodes := make([]*v1.Node, numNodesToFind)

	if !fwk.HasFilterPlugins() {
		length := len(allNodes)
		for i := range feasibleNodes {
			feasibleNodes[i] = allNodes[(g.nextStartNodeIndex+i)%length].Node()
		}
		g.nextStartNodeIndex = (g.nextStartNodeIndex + len(feasibleNodes)) % length
		return feasibleNodes, nil
	}

	errCh := parallelize.NewErrorChannel()
	var statusesLock sync.Mutex
	var feasibleNodesLen int32
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
	checkNode := func(i int) {
		// We check the nodes starting from where we left off in the previous scheduling cycle,
		// this is to make sure all nodes have the same chance of being examined across pods.
		nodeInfo := allNodes[(g.nextStartNodeIndex+i)%len(allNodes)]
		fits, status, err := PodPassesFiltersOnNode(ctx, fwk.PreemptHandle(), state, pod, nodeInfo)
		if err != nil {
			errCh.SendErrorWithCancel(err, cancel)
			return
		}
		if fits {
			length := atomic.AddInt32(&feasibleNodesLen, 1)
			if length > numNodesToFind {
				cancel()
				atomic.AddInt32(&feasibleNodesLen, -1)
			} else {
				feasibleNodes[length-1] = nodeInfo.Node()
			}
		} else {
			if !status.IsSuccess() {
				statusesLock.Lock()
				statuses[nodeInfo.Node().Name] = status
				statusesLock.Unlock()
			}
		}
	}

	beginCheckNode := time.Now()
	statusCode := framework.Success
	defer func() {
		// We record Filter extension point latency here instead of in framework.go because framework.RunFilterPlugins
		// function is called for each node, whereas we want to have an overall latency for all nodes per scheduling cycle.
		// Note that this latency also includes latency for `addNominatedPods`, which calls framework.RunPreFilterAddPod.
		metrics.FrameworkExtensionPointDuration.WithLabelValues(runtime.Filter, statusCode.String(), fwk.ProfileName()).Observe(metrics.SinceInSeconds(beginCheckNode))
	}()

	// Stops searching for more nodes once the configured number of feasible nodes
	// are found.
	parallelize.Until(ctx, len(allNodes), checkNode)
	processedNodes := int(feasibleNodesLen) + len(statuses)
	g.nextStartNodeIndex = (g.nextStartNodeIndex + processedNodes) % len(allNodes)

	feasibleNodes = feasibleNodes[:feasibleNodesLen]
	if err := errCh.ReceiveError(); err != nil {
		statusCode = framework.Error
		return nil, err
	}
	return feasibleNodes, nil
}

func (g *genericScheduler) findNodesThatPassExtenders(pod *v1.Pod, feasibleNodes []*v1.Node, statuses framework.NodeToStatusMap) ([]*v1.Node, error) {
	for _, extender := range g.extenders {
		if len(feasibleNodes) == 0 {
			break
		}
		if !extender.IsInterested(pod) {
			continue
		}
		feasibleList, failedMap, err := extender.Filter(pod, feasibleNodes)
		if err != nil {
			if extender.IsIgnorable() {
				klog.Warningf("Skipping extender %v as it returned error %v and has ignorable flag set",
					extender, err)
				continue
			}
			return nil, err
		}

		for failedNodeName, failedMsg := range failedMap {
			if _, found := statuses[failedNodeName]; !found {
				statuses[failedNodeName] = framework.NewStatus(framework.Unschedulable, failedMsg)
			} else {
				statuses[failedNodeName].AppendReason(failedMsg)
			}
		}
		feasibleNodes = feasibleList
	}
	return feasibleNodes, nil
}

// addNominatedPods adds pods with equal or greater priority which are nominated
// to run on the node. It returns 1) whether any pod was added, 2) augmented cycleState,
// 3) augmented nodeInfo.
func addNominatedPods(ctx context.Context, ph framework.PreemptHandle, pod *v1.Pod, state *framework.CycleState, nodeInfo *framework.NodeInfo) (bool, *framework.CycleState, *framework.NodeInfo, error) {
	if ph == nil || nodeInfo == nil || nodeInfo.Node() == nil {
		// This may happen only in tests.
		return false, state, nodeInfo, nil
	}
	nominatedPods := ph.NominatedPodsForNode(nodeInfo.Node().Name)
	if len(nominatedPods) == 0 {
		return false, state, nodeInfo, nil
	}
	nodeInfoOut := nodeInfo.Clone()
	stateOut := state.Clone()
	podsAdded := false
	for _, p := range nominatedPods {
		if corev1helpers.PodPriority(p) >= corev1helpers.PodPriority(pod) && p.UID != pod.UID {
			nodeInfoOut.AddPod(p)
			status := ph.RunPreFilterExtensionAddPod(ctx, stateOut, pod, p, nodeInfoOut)
			if !status.IsSuccess() {
				return false, state, nodeInfo, status.AsError()
			}
			podsAdded = true
		}
	}
	return podsAdded, stateOut, nodeInfoOut, nil
}

// PodPassesFiltersOnNode checks whether a node given by NodeInfo satisfies the
// filter plugins.
// This function is called from two different places: Schedule and Preempt.
// When it is called from Schedule, we want to test whether the pod is
// schedulable on the node with all the existing pods on the node plus higher
// and equal priority pods nominated to run on the node.
// When it is called from Preempt, we should remove the victims of preemption
// and add the nominated pods. Removal of the victims is done by
// SelectVictimsOnNode(). Preempt removes victims from PreFilter state and
// NodeInfo before calling this function.
// TODO: move this out so that plugins don't need to depend on <core> pkg.
func PodPassesFiltersOnNode(
	ctx context.Context,
	ph framework.PreemptHandle,
	state *framework.CycleState,
	pod *v1.Pod,
	info *framework.NodeInfo,
) (bool, *framework.Status, error) {
	var status *framework.Status

	podsAdded := false
	// We run filters twice in some cases. If the node has greater or equal priority
	// nominated pods, we run them when those pods are added to PreFilter state and nodeInfo.
	// If all filters succeed in this pass, we run them again when these
	// nominated pods are not added. This second pass is necessary because some
	// filters such as inter-pod affinity may not pass without the nominated pods.
	// If there are no nominated pods for the node or if the first run of the
	// filters fail, we don't run the second pass.
	// We consider only equal or higher priority pods in the first pass, because
	// those are the current "pod" must yield to them and not take a space opened
	// for running them. It is ok if the current "pod" take resources freed for
	// lower priority pods.
	// Requiring that the new pod is schedulable in both circumstances ensures that
	// we are making a conservative decision: filters like resources and inter-pod
	// anti-affinity are more likely to fail when the nominated pods are treated
	// as running, while filters like pod affinity are more likely to fail when
	// the nominated pods are treated as not running. We can't just assume the
	// nominated pods are running because they are not running right now and in fact,
	// they may end up getting scheduled to a different node.
	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
		stateToUse := state
		nodeInfoToUse := info
		if i == 0 {
			var err error
			podsAdded, stateToUse, nodeInfoToUse, err = addNominatedPods(ctx, ph, pod, state, info)
			if err != nil {
				return false, nil, err
			}
		} else if !podsAdded || !status.IsSuccess() {
			break
		}

		statusMap := ph.RunFilterPlugins(ctx, stateToUse, pod, nodeInfoToUse)
		status = statusMap.Merge()
		if !status.IsSuccess() && !status.IsUnschedulable() {
			return false, status, status.AsError()
		}
	}

	return status.IsSuccess(), status, nil
}

// prioritizeNodes prioritizes the nodes by running the score plugins,
// which return a score for each node from the call to RunScorePlugins().
// The scores from each plugin are added together to make the score for that node, then
// any extenders are run as well.
// All scores are finally combined (added) to get the total weighted scores of all nodes
func (g *genericScheduler) prioritizeNodes(
	ctx context.Context,
	fwk framework.Framework,
	state *framework.CycleState,
	pod *v1.Pod,
	nodes []*v1.Node,
) (framework.NodeScoreList, error) {
	// If no priority configs are provided, then all nodes will have a score of one.
	// This is required to generate the priority list in the required format
	if len(g.extenders) == 0 && !fwk.HasScorePlugins() {
		result := make(framework.NodeScoreList, 0, len(nodes))
		for i := range nodes {
			result = append(result, framework.NodeScore{
				Name:  nodes[i].Name,
				Score: 1,
			})
		}
		return result, nil
	}

	// Run PreScore plugins.
	preScoreStatus := fwk.RunPreScorePlugins(ctx, state, pod, nodes)
	if !preScoreStatus.IsSuccess() {
		return nil, preScoreStatus.AsError()
	}

	// Run the Score plugins.
	scoresMap, scoreStatus := fwk.RunScorePlugins(ctx, state, pod, nodes)
	if !scoreStatus.IsSuccess() {
		return nil, scoreStatus.AsError()
	}

	if klog.V(10).Enabled() {
		for plugin, nodeScoreList := range scoresMap {
			klog.Infof("Plugin %s scores on %v/%v => %v", plugin, pod.Namespace, pod.Name, nodeScoreList)
		}
	}

	// Summarize all scores.
	result := make(framework.NodeScoreList, 0, len(nodes))

	for i := range nodes {
		result = append(result, framework.NodeScore{Name: nodes[i].Name, Score: 0})
		for j := range scoresMap {
			result[i].Score += scoresMap[j][i].Score
		}
	}

	if len(g.extenders) != 0 && nodes != nil {
		var mu sync.Mutex
		var wg sync.WaitGroup
		combinedScores := make(map[string]int64, len(nodes))
		for i := range g.extenders {
			if !g.extenders[i].IsInterested(pod) {
				continue
			}
			wg.Add(1)
			go func(extIndex int) {
				metrics.SchedulerGoroutines.WithLabelValues("prioritizing_extender").Inc()
				defer func() {
					metrics.SchedulerGoroutines.WithLabelValues("prioritizing_extender").Dec()
					wg.Done()
				}()
				prioritizedList, weight, err := g.extenders[extIndex].Prioritize(pod, nodes)
				if err != nil {
					// Prioritization errors from extender can be ignored, let k8s/other extenders determine the priorities
					return
				}
				mu.Lock()
				for i := range *prioritizedList {
					host, score := (*prioritizedList)[i].Host, (*prioritizedList)[i].Score
					if klog.V(10).Enabled() {
						klog.Infof("%v -> %v: %v, Score: (%d)", util.GetPodFullName(pod), host, g.extenders[extIndex].Name(), score)
					}
					combinedScores[host] += score * weight
				}
				mu.Unlock()
			}(i)
		}
		// wait for all go routines to finish
		wg.Wait()
		for i := range result {
			// MaxExtenderPriority may diverge from the max priority used in the scheduler and defined by MaxNodeScore,
			// therefore we need to scale the score returned by extenders to the score range used by the scheduler.
			result[i].Score += combinedScores[result[i].Name] * (framework.MaxNodeScore / extenderv1.MaxExtenderPriority)
		}
	}

	if klog.V(10).Enabled() {
		for i := range result {
			klog.Infof("Host %s => Score %d", result[i].Name, result[i].Score)
		}
	}
	return result, nil
}

// NewGenericScheduler creates a genericScheduler object.
func NewGenericScheduler(
	cache internalcache.Cache,
	nodeInfoSnapshot *internalcache.Snapshot,
	extenders []framework.Extender,
	percentageOfNodesToScore int32) ScheduleAlgorithm {
	return &genericScheduler{
		cache:                    cache,
		extenders:                extenders,
		nodeInfoSnapshot:         nodeInfoSnapshot,
		percentageOfNodesToScore: percentageOfNodesToScore,
	}
}