fix: Prevent panic by Number::modulo (#773)

In Number::modulo, it calls Number::ints_to_bigint, which could panic. The reason is that calling .to_integer() isn't enough to guarantee that .to_bigint_owned() will return Some, but Number::ints_to_bigint assumes it will and calls unwrap(). In particular, it might be that it's a float corresponding to an integer that's larger than F64_SAFE_INTEGER. The fix is to not call Number::ints_to_bigint (and indeed to delete that entire function, which is only used in this one place), and instead only call unwrap when Some is returned.

.dir-locals.el

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+;;; Directory Local Variables            -*- no-byte-compile: t; -*-
+;;; For more information see (info "(emacs) Directory Variables")
+
+;; Regorus is a cargo-verus project (package.metadata.verus.verify = true), so
+;; verus-mode.el runs `cargo verus verify' rather than the raw `verus' binary.
+;; The cargo-verus path ignores `package.metadata.verus.ide.extra_args' and
+;; instead reads `verus-cargo-verus-arguments'. We set it here so that Verus is
+;; invoked with the `verus' Cargo feature enabled.
+;;
+;; Everything before `--' is passed to cargo-verus; everything after `--' is
+;; forwarded to the Verus binary. The `--' is required by verus-mode.el.
+((verus-mode . ((verus-cargo-verus-arguments . ("--features" "verus" "--")))))

.github/copilot-setup-steps.yml

@@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ steps:
   - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
     with:
       fetch-depth: 0 # full history needed for git diff against main
+  - run: git fetch origin main:refs/remotes/origin/main
+    name: Ensure origin/main ref is available for diff computation

.github/skills/code-review/SKILL.md

@@ -25,15 +25,21 @@ Key constraints (details in copilot-instructions.md):
 ## Step 1: Get the Diff
 
 ```bash
-BASE=$(git merge-base upstream/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
-    || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-if [ -z "$BASE" ]; then
-  echo "ERROR: Cannot find upstream/main or origin/main. Cannot determine review scope."
-  exit 1
+# Primary: use gh pr diff (works in cloud agent + any PR context).
+# Fallback: git merge-base for local non-PR usage.
+if gh pr diff --name-only >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  echo "---STAT---"
+  gh pr diff --name-only
+  echo "---DIFF---"
+  gh pr diff
+else
+  BASE=$(git merge-base upstream/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
+      || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
+      || git merge-base main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
+  echo "Reviewing changes since: $BASE"
+  git diff "$BASE"..HEAD --stat
+  git diff "$BASE"..HEAD
 fi
-echo "Reviewing changes since: $BASE"
-git diff "$BASE"..HEAD --stat
-git diff "$BASE"..HEAD -- '*.rs' '*.toml' 'examples/'
 ```
 
 If the diff is empty, stop and report: "No changes found to review."
@@ -196,3 +202,9 @@ one pass. If any were skipped, note them and briefly assess.
 ### Summary
 
 X findings (N critical, N high, N medium, N low). One sentence overall assessment.
+
+### Output
+
+After generating the report above, write the COMPLETE report to `/tmp/code-review-report.md`
+using the `create` tool or shell. This ensures the full report is preserved even if
+display output is truncated.

.github/skills/deep-review/SKILL.md

@@ -40,22 +40,25 @@ Use `read_agent` with `wait: true` to wait for each background agent.
 ## Step 1: Get the Diff and Build Inventory
 
 ```bash
-BASE=$(git merge-base upstream/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
-    || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-if [ -z "$BASE" ]; then
-  echo "ERROR: Cannot find upstream/main or origin/main."
-  exit 1
+# Primary: use gh pr diff (works in cloud agent + any PR context).
+# Fallback: git merge-base for local non-PR usage.
+if gh pr diff --name-only >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  echo "---STAT---"
+  gh pr diff --name-only
+  echo "---DIFF---"
+  gh pr diff
+else
+  BASE=$(git merge-base upstream/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
+      || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
+      || git merge-base main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
+  echo "Reviewing changes since: $BASE"
+  git diff "$BASE"..HEAD --stat
+  git diff "$BASE"..HEAD
 fi
-echo "Reviewing changes since: $BASE"
-git diff "$BASE"..HEAD --stat
-git diff "$BASE"..HEAD -- '*.rs' '*.toml' 'examples/' | head -2000
 ```
 
 If the diff is empty, stop and report: "No changes found to review."
 
-**Scope rule:** Focus on code files (`*.rs`, `*.toml`, examples). Do NOT pass
-docs/config diffs to agents.
-
 **Build a risk-classified inventory.** List every changed function, struct,
 impl, trait, pub item, and significant code block. Number them and tag with
 risk predicates:
@@ -106,8 +109,10 @@ Use `model: "gpt-5.4"` in the task tool call (provides model diversity).
 > Get the diff:
 > ```
 > BASE=$(git merge-base upstream/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
->     || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-> git diff "$BASE"..HEAD -- '*.rs' '*.toml' 'examples/'
+>     || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
+>     || git merge-base main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
+> # If no merge-base, use: gh pr diff
+> git diff "$BASE"..HEAD  # or: gh pr diff
 > ```
 >
 > Key regorus constraints:
@@ -161,8 +166,10 @@ Use `model: "claude-opus-4.6"` in the task tool call.
 > Get the diff AND read full source files for context:
 > ```
 > BASE=$(git merge-base upstream/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
->     || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-> git diff "$BASE"..HEAD -- '*.rs' '*.toml' 'examples/'
+>     || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
+>     || git merge-base main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
+> # If no merge-base, use: gh pr diff
+> git diff "$BASE"..HEAD  # or: gh pr diff
 > ```
 > Then use `view` to read the full source files that were changed.
 >
@@ -219,8 +226,10 @@ Use the default model (no `model` parameter).
 > Get the diff:
 > ```
 > BASE=$(git merge-base upstream/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
->     || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-> git diff "$BASE"..HEAD -- '*.rs' '*.toml' 'examples/'
+>     || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
+>     || git merge-base main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
+> # If no merge-base, use: gh pr diff
+> git diff "$BASE"..HEAD  # or: gh pr diff
 > ```
 > Use `view` to read surrounding context.
 >
@@ -439,8 +448,10 @@ Launch **1 general-purpose agent in background mode**.
 > Get the diff:
 > ```
 > BASE=$(git merge-base upstream/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
->     || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-> git diff "$BASE"..HEAD -- '*.rs' '*.toml' 'examples/'
+>     || git merge-base origin/main HEAD 2>/dev/null \
+>     || git merge-base main HEAD 2>/dev/null)
+> # If no merge-base, use: gh pr diff
+> git diff "$BASE"..HEAD  # or: gh pr diff
 > ```
 > Use `view` to read full source files.
 >
@@ -481,8 +492,8 @@ Launch **1 general-purpose agent in background mode**.
 
 ## Step 5: Synthesize and Report
 
-**IMPORTANT:** This is the primary output. Everything above was preparation.
-Keep the report COMPACT — one finding per block, no filler prose.
+**CRITICAL:** Write the report to `/tmp/deep-review-report.md` FIRST, then display it.
+Use a shell command to write the file before any other output in this step.
 
 Apply verdicts from the adversarial verifier:
 - **CONFIRMED**: keep at stated severity
@@ -522,3 +533,9 @@ would catch it. If not, name the minimal test that should exist.
 X findings (N critical, N high, N medium, N low). Y "likely" findings.
 Z dropped (one-line reasons).
 Risk assessment in one sentence.
+
+---
+
+**Remember:** The report above MUST be written to `/tmp/deep-review-report.md` at the
+START of Step 5 (before displaying it). Use shell: `cat > /tmp/deep-review-report.md << 'REPORT_EOF'`
+... report content ... `REPORT_EOF`

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
 
     # Setup language-specific dependencies BEFORE CodeQL init for proper tracing setup
     - name: Setup Rust
@@ -86,26 +86,26 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Setup Python
       if: matrix.language == 'python'
-      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
       with:
         python-version: '3.10'
 
     - name: Setup Java
       if: matrix.language == 'java-kotlin'
-      uses: actions/setup-java@be666c2fcd27ec809703dec50e508c2fdc7f6654 # v5.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-java@03ad4de0992f5dab5e18fcb136590ce7c4a0ac95 # v5.6.0
       with:
         distribution: 'corretto'
         java-version: '8'
 
     - name: Setup Go
       if: matrix.language == 'go'
-      uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
+      uses: actions/setup-go@b7ad1dad31e06c5925ef5d2fc7ad053ef454303e # v7.0.0
       with:
         go-version: '1.21'
 
     - name: Setup .NET
       if: matrix.language == 'csharp'
-      uses: actions/setup-dotnet@c2fa09f4bde5ebb9d1777cf28262a3eb3db3ced7 # v5.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-dotnet@a98b56852c35b8e3190ac28c8c2271da59106c68 # v6.0.0
       with:
         global-json-file: ./bindings/csharp/global.json
 
@@ -115,12 +115,12 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Setup Node.js
       if: matrix.language == 'javascript-typescript'
-      uses: actions/setup-node@48b55a011bda9f5d6aeb4c2d9c7362e8dae4041e # v6.4.0
+      uses: actions/setup-node@820762786026740c76f36085b0efc47a31fe5020 # v7.0.0
       with:
         node-version: '18'
 
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@95e58e9a2cdfd71adc6e0353d5c52f41a045d225 # v4.35.2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@e4fba868fa4b1b91e1fdab776edc8cfbe6e9fb81 # v4.37.3
       with:
         languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
         build-mode: ${{ matrix.build-mode }}
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Setup Ruby
       if: matrix.language == 'rust' && contains(matrix.working-directory, 'ruby')
-      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@c4e5b1316158f92e3d49443a9d58b31d25ac0f8f # v1.306.0
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@95ef2b042f9d7a56d8268cba8559e2842e2ad01b # v1.321.0
       with:
         ruby-version: '3.4.2'
         bundler-cache: true
@@ -188,6 +188,6 @@ jobs:
       run: cargo xtask build-wasm --release
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@95e58e9a2cdfd71adc6e0353d5c52f41a045d225 # v4.35.2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@e4fba868fa4b1b91e1fdab776edc8cfbe6e9fb81 # v4.37.3
       with:
         category: "/language:${{matrix.language}}"

.github/workflows/dependabot-refresh-cargo-lockfiles.yml

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
       # ONLY cargo update and cargo metadata (which do NOT execute build
       # scripts) may run against this checkout. Do NOT add cargo build/check/
       # test/run steps.
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd  # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v4.2.2
         with:
           repository: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name }}
           ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}

.github/workflows/dependency-audit.yml

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
           - bindings/wasm/Cargo.lock
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
       - name: Run cargo audit
         uses: rustsec/audit-check@v2
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
           - xtask/Cargo.toml
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
       - name: Setup Rust
         uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust

.github/workflows/feature-matrix.yml

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
             features: arc,opa-no-std
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
     - name: Setup Rust toolchain
       uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
     - name: Cache cargo

.github/workflows/miri.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
       MIRIFLAGS: "-Zmiri-disable-isolation"
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
         with:
           toolchain: nightly

.github/workflows/pr-extensions.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
     - name: Setup Rust toolchain
       uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
     - name: Cache cargo

.github/workflows/pr.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
     - name: Setup Rust toolchain
       uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
     - name: Cache cargo

.github/workflows/publish-java.yml

@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ jobs:
             os: windows-latest
             extension: dll
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-java@be666c2fcd27ec809703dec50e508c2fdc7f6654 # v5.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-java@03ad4de0992f5dab5e18fcb136590ce7c4a0ac95 # v5.6.0
         with:
           java-version: 8
           distribution: "corretto"
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           targets: ${{ matrix.target }}
       - if: ${{ matrix.build_cmd == 'zigbuild' }}
-        uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.11"
       - if: ${{ matrix.build_cmd == 'zigbuild' }}
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: build
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-java@be666c2fcd27ec809703dec50e508c2fdc7f6654 # v5.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-java@03ad4de0992f5dab5e18fcb136590ce7c4a0ac95 # v5.6.0
         with:
           java-version: 8
           distribution: "corretto"

.github/workflows/publish-python.yml

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         target: [x86_64, x86, aarch64, armv7, s390x, ppc64le]
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
         with:
           python-version: '3.10'
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         target: [x64, x86]
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
         with:
           python-version: '3.10'
           architecture: ${{ matrix.target }}
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         target: [x86_64, aarch64, universal2-apple-darwin]
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
         with:
           python-version: '3.10'
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust

.github/workflows/publish-wasm.yml

@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       # Setup .npmrc file to publish to npm
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@48b55a011bda9f5d6aeb4c2d9c7362e8dae4041e # v6.4.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@820762786026740c76f36085b0efc47a31fe5020 # v7.0.0
         with:
           node-version: '20.x'
           registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'

.github/workflows/release-plz.yml

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ jobs:
       contents: write
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Install Rust toolchain
         uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
       - name: Run release-plz
-        uses: MarcoIeni/release-plz-action@1528104d2ca23787631a1c1f022abb64b34c1e11 # v0.5.128
+        uses: MarcoIeni/release-plz-action@2eb1d8bcb770b4c48ccfaad919734b38b51958c9 # v0.5.131
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/rust-clippy.yml

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
       actions: read # only required for a private repository by github/codeql-action/upload-sarif to get the Action run status
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
 
       - name: Setup Rust toolchain
         uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Upload analysis results to GitHub
         if: ${{ hashFiles('rust-clippy-results.sarif') != '' }}
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@95e58e9a2cdfd71adc6e0353d5c52f41a045d225 # v3.29.11
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@e4fba868fa4b1b91e1fdab776edc8cfbe6e9fb81 # v3.29.11
         with:
           sarif_file: rust-clippy-results.sarif
           wait-for-processing: true

.github/workflows/test-c-cpp.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 

.github/workflows/test-csharp.yml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
               **/release/libregorus_ffi.dylib
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ jobs:
     needs: build-ffi
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0  
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
-      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@c2fa09f4bde5ebb9d1777cf28262a3eb3db3ced7 # v5.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@a98b56852c35b8e3190ac28c8c2271da59106c68 # v6.0.0
         with:
           global-json-file: ./bindings/csharp/global.json
 
@@ -131,13 +131,13 @@ jobs:
             target: aarch64-apple-darwin
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@c2fa09f4bde5ebb9d1777cf28262a3eb3db3ced7 # v5.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@a98b56852c35b8e3190ac28c8c2271da59106c68 # v6.0.0
         with:
           global-json-file: ./bindings/csharp/global.json
 

.github/workflows/test-ffi.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust

.github/workflows/test-go.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Fetch FFI crate dependencies
         run: cargo fetch --locked --manifest-path bindings/ffi/Cargo.toml
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@b7ad1dad31e06c5925ef5d2fc7ad053ef454303e # v7.0.0
         with:
           architecture: x64
 

.github/workflows/test-java.yml

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-java@be666c2fcd27ec809703dec50e508c2fdc7f6654 # v5.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-java@03ad4de0992f5dab5e18fcb136590ce7c4a0ac95 # v5.6.0
         with:
           java-version: 8
           distribution: "corretto"

.github/workflows/test-musl.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
     - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
       with:
         targets: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl

.github/workflows/test-no-std.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
     - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
       with:
         targets: thumbv7m-none-eabi

.github/workflows/test-python.yml

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.host.name }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Fetch Python crate dependencies
         run: cargo fetch --locked --manifest-path bindings/python/Cargo.toml --target ${{ matrix.host.target }}
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.10"
           architecture: x64
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.host.name }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Fetch Python crate dependencies
         run: cargo fetch --locked --manifest-path bindings/python/Cargo.toml
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
           architecture: x64

.github/workflows/test-ruby.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 

.github/workflows/test-wasm.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo fetch --locked --manifest-path bindings/wasm/Cargo.toml
 
       - name: Setup Node
-        uses: actions/setup-node@48b55a011bda9f5d6aeb4c2d9c7362e8dae4041e # v6.4.0
+        uses: actions/setup-node@820762786026740c76f36085b0efc47a31fe5020 # v7.0.0
         with:
           node-version: 22
 

.github/workflows/tests-debug.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
     - name: Setup Rust toolchain
       uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
     - name: Cache cargo

.github/workflows/verus.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+#
+name: verus
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ "main" ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ "main" ]
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+# This workflow only checks out code, downloads a pinned Verus release asset,
+# and runs verification. It never writes to the repository, so restrict the
+# GITHUB_TOKEN to read-only access to repository contents.
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  verify:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+    - name: Setup Rust toolchain
+      uses: ./.github/actions/toolchains/rust
+      with:
+        components: ""
+    - name: Cache cargo
+      uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
+      with:
+        shared-key: ${{ runner.os }}-regorus-verus
+    - name: Install Verus and run verification
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        set -euxo pipefail
+        asset_url=https://github.com/verus-lang/verus/releases/download/release%2F0.2026.07.12.0b42f4c/verus-0.2026.07.12.0b42f4c-x86-linux.zip
+        asset_sha256=f6f4f5d08e07d3e1ad721d775bda5ba96b9dd0c73b48fc17f2e071866fbd01c0
+        test -n "$asset_url"
+        curl -fsSL "$asset_url" -o verus.zip
+
+        # Verify the download integrity before trusting/executing its contents.
+        echo "${asset_sha256}  verus.zip" | sha256sum --check --strict
+
+        unzip -q verus.zip -d verus-dist
+
+        # Search under an absolute path so that `find` yields absolute paths;
+        # this keeps the PATH entries below valid regardless of the working
+        # directory.
+        verus_bin="$(find "$PWD/verus-dist" -type f -name verus -perm -u+x | head -n1)"
+        cargo_verus_bin="$(find "$PWD/verus-dist" -type f -name cargo-verus -perm -u+x | head -n1)"
+        version_json="$(find "$PWD/verus-dist" -type f -name version.json | head -n1)"
+        test -n "$verus_bin"
+        test -n "$cargo_verus_bin"
+        test -n "$version_json"
+
+        # Verus is built against a specific Rust toolchain and refuses to run
+        # against any other version. Read the required toolchain from the
+        # release metadata so we track it automatically instead of hardcoding.
+        required_toolchain="$(sed -n 's/.*"toolchain"[[:space:]]*:[[:space:]]*"\([^"]*\)".*/\1/p' "$version_json")"
+        test -n "$required_toolchain"
+        echo "Verus requires Rust toolchain: $required_toolchain"
+
+        # Install the exact toolchain Verus expects, including the extra
+        # components (rustc-dev, llvm-tools) that Verus links against and that
+        # are not part of the default rustup profile.
+        rustup toolchain install "$required_toolchain" \
+          --profile minimal \
+          --component rustc-dev --component llvm-tools --component rustfmt
+
+        # Force cargo/rustc to resolve to the Verus toolchain for the commands
+        # below, overriding any repository/directory toolchain override.
+        export RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN="$required_toolchain"
+
+        # Put cargo-verus on PATH for the commands below.
+        export PATH="$(dirname "$cargo_verus_bin"):$(dirname "$verus_bin"):$PATH"
+        cargo verus --help
+        cargo fetch --locked
+        cargo verus verify --locked --features verus

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -6,10 +6,129 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+## [0.11.0](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/compare/regorus-v0.10.1...regorus-v0.11.0) - 2026-07-21
+
 ### Added
+
+- *(compiler)* support registered host-await builtins for natural function call syntax ([#667](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/667))
+- *(value)* introduce Set storage abstraction ([#740](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/740))
+
+### Fixed
+
+- *(rvm)* assert every-quantifier results so failing cases don't pass ([#765](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/765))
+- `Engine::add_data` now deep-merges nested data documents instead of only merging top-level keys. Adding `{ "a": { "x": 1 } }` followed by `{ "a": { "y": 2 } }` now yields `{ "a": { "x": 1, "y": 2 } }` (matching OPA's data-document merge). Nested sets under a shared key are unioned. Only genuine leaf conflicts (the same path holding two different values) are reported as errors. ([#760](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/760))
+- A zero-arg function producing two different complete values (e.g. `f() := { "a": 1 }` and `f() := { "b": 2 }`) is now reported as a conflict, matching OPA's complete-rule semantics, instead of silently combining the outputs.
+
+### Security
+
+- `Engine::add_data` now rejects data nested beyond 128 levels instead of risking a stack overflow on adversarially deep input.
+
+### Other
+
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 5 directories with 11 updates ([#764](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/764))
+- Expand keyword-in-ref coverage for complex parser edge cases (interpreter + RVM) ([#744](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/744))
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 5 directories with 4 updates ([#754](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/754))
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 5 directories with 6 updates ([#750](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/750))
+- *(value)* migrate Value::Object to Object storage abstraction ([#736](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/736))
+- normalize path separators in folder filter on Windows ([#742](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/742))
+- Introduce Object storage abstraction ([#735](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/735))
+- *(rvm)* add debug-mode invariant assertions ([#737](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/737))
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 5 directories with 5 updates ([#734](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/734))
+
+## [0.10.1](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/compare/regorus-v0.10.0...regorus-v0.10.1) - 2026-05-22
+
+### Fixed
+
+- *(ffi)* eliminate aliasing UB + add Azure Policy JSON compilation FFI ([#727](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/727))
+- *(interpreter,rvm)* correct partial object rule iteration and classification ([#718](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/718))
+- *(copilot)* robust diff computation for cloud agent environments ([#709](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/709))
+
+### Other
+
+- *(azure_policy)* reduce AliasRegistry allocations via Rc sharing ([#725](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/725))
+- *(normalizer)* use Rc<str> interning to reduce alias resolution allocations ([#726](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/726))
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 5 directories with 2 updates ([#724](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/724))
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 5 directories with 4 updates ([#717](https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/pull/717))
+
+## [0.10.0] - 2026-05-05
+
+### Added
+
+- *(copilot)* add multi-agent code review skills (#707)
+- *(azure_policy)* test runner, compiler fixes, and example program (#700)
+- *(azure-policy)* implement effect compilation and metadata population (#691)
+- *(azure-policy)* implement count/count.where compilation (#688)
+- *(azure-policy)* implement condition, expression, field, and template dispatch compilation (#686)
+- *(azure-policy)* add compiler skeleton with core types and stubs (#674)
+- *(rvm)* implement Azure Policy condition evaluation (#661)
+- *(rvm)* new instructions and loop semantics for Azure Policy support (#659)
+- *(azure-policy)* add policy rule and policy definition parsers (#660)
+- add Azure Policy constraint parser (#658)
+- *(rvm)* extend program metadata and bump serialization to v6 (#654)
+- add Azure Policy core JSON parser and expression parser (#655)
+- add Azure Policy AST types (#653)
+- *(azure-policy)* add alias normalization and denormalization (#635)
+- add Azure Policy builtins with YAML test suite (#630)
+- make policy length limits configurable per engine (#624)
+- implement add_extension in Python binding (#596)
+- *(rbac)* [**breaking**] add Azure RBAC engine, FFI API, and cross-language tests (#577)
 - Azure RBAC condition interpreter with builtin evaluation coverage and YAML test suite, including quantifier (ForAnyOfAnyValues/ForAllOfAllValues), datetime (DateTimeEquals), IP (IpInRange), GUID (GuidEquals), list (ListContains), and string (StringEquals) semantics.
 - FFI surface for Azure RBAC condition evaluation (see bindings changelog for language-specific wrappers).
 
+### Fixed
+
+- harden regex builtins with compiled-size limit (#705)
+- *(ci)* skip mimalloc FFI and disable isolation for Miri (#621)
+
+### Other
+
+- bump version to 0.10.0 across all bindings
+- *(deps)* update all Rust dependencies and fix lockfile refresh workflow (#704)
+- *(deps)* bump com.google.code.gson:gson (#702)
+- *(deps)* bump the github-actions group across 1 directory with 5 updates (#690)
+- *(deps)* bump the per-dependency group across 1 directory with 5 updates (#703)
+- Make `git rev-parse` in `build.rs` optional with graceful fallback (#701)
+- *(azure_policy)* add foundation test cases (#698)
+- *(azure_policy)* add end-to-end policy test cases (#699)
+- fix rand advisory and harden python CI caching (#675)
+- azure-policy parser: allow overriding the column-width limit (#673)
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 5 directories with 6 updates (#671)
+- *(deps)* bump ruby/setup-ruby in the github-actions group (#670)
+- *(csharp)* prepare NuGet package for nuget.org publishing (#668)
+- Fix RVM evaluation of default-only rules (#664)
+- *(deps)* bump minitest in /bindings/ruby in the per-dependency group (#656)
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 2 directories with 3 updates (#657)
+- consolidate RVM instruction variants and clean up VM internals (#651)
+- *(deps)* bump wasm-bindgen-test (#650)
+- *(deps)* bump rb_sys in /bindings/ruby in the per-dependency group (#649)
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 3 directories with 4 updates (#647)
+- *(deps)* bump the github-actions group across 1 directory with 3 updates (#646)
+- *(dependabot)* restore cargo dependency grouping (#645)
+- Fix build break (#634)
+- *(deps)* bump the rust-dependencies group across 5 directories with 16 updates (#633)
+- *(dependabot)* fix cargo config quoting (#632)
+- *(dependabot)* fix cargo workspace updates and refresh lockfiles (#629)
+- *(deps)* bump rubocop in /bindings/ruby in the per-dependency group (#622)
+- *(deps)* bump the github-actions group with 11 updates (#628)
+- Consolidate Dependabot, fix #595 (mimalloc + indexmap), add feature-matrix CI (#627)
+- RVM compiler & runtime optimizations: caching, instruction fusion, constant hoisting, and correctness fixes (#626)
+- Rvm optimizations (#620)
+- *(deps)* bump rubocop in /bindings/ruby in the per-dependency group (#618)
+- *(ci)* add miri workflow (#581)
+- *(ci)* add cargo audit and deny (#580)
+- switch binary serialization to postcard (#582)
+- *(deps-dev)* bump org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-surefire-plugin (#605)
+- *(deps)* bump bytes (#569)
+- *(deps)* bump the per-dependency group with 2 updates (#603)
+- *(deps)* bump the per-dependency group across 1 directory with 3 updates (#607)
+- boolean mapping (#612)
+- Bump the per-dependency group with 1 update (#587)
+- *(deps)* bump the per-dependency group (#585)
+- *(deps)* bump the per-dependency group (#586)
+- *(deps-dev)* bump the per-dependency group (#583)
+- *(deps)* bump the per-dependency group with 12 updates (#593)
+- *(dependabot)* expand coverage and pin workflows (#579)
+
 ### Changed
 - [**breaking**] Switch RVM binary serialization to postcard, bump the format to v4, and mark v1-3 loads as partial (recompile required).
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@ members = [
 [package]
 name = "regorus"
 description = "A fast, lightweight Rego (OPA policy language) interpreter"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.11.0"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT AND Apache-2.0 AND BSD-3-Clause"
 repository = "https://github.com/microsoft/regorus"
 keywords = ["interpreter", "no_std", "opa", "policy-as-code", "rego"]
 
+# Support verification with Verus, a Rust verifier (https://github.com/verus-lang/verus)
+
+[package.metadata.verus]
+verify = true
+
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [lib]
@@ -21,6 +26,7 @@ doctest = false
 
 [features]
 default = ["full-opa", "arc", "rvm"]
+verus = ["dep:vstd"]
 
 arc = []
 ast = []
@@ -43,7 +49,7 @@ cache = ["dep:lru"]
 rvm = ["dep:postcard", "dep:indexmap"]
 semver = ["dep:semver"]
 allocator-memory-limits = ["std", "mimalloc", "mimalloc/allocator-memory-limits"]
-std = ["rand/std", "rand/std_rng", "serde_json/std", "indexmap?/std", "msvc_spectre_libs", "dep:parking_lot" ]
+std = ["rand/std", "rand/std_rng", "serde_json/std", "indexmap?/std", "msvc_spectre_libs", "dep:parking_lot", "vstd?/std" ]
 time = ["dep:chrono", "dep:chrono-tz"]
 uuid = ["dep:uuid"]
 urlquery = ["dep:url"]
@@ -98,23 +104,23 @@ rand = ["dep:rand"]
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = { version = "1.0.102", default-features = false }
 serde = {version = "1.0.150", default-features = false, features = ["derive", "rc", "alloc"] }
-serde_json = { version = "1.0.89", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
-hashbrown = { version = "0.16", default-features = false, features = ["default-hasher"], optional = true }
+serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
+hashbrown = { version = "0.17", default-features = false, features = ["default-hasher"], optional = true }
 lazy_static =  { version = "1.4.0", default-features = false }
 thiserror = { version = "2.0", default-features = false }
 
 data-encoding = { version = "2.8.0", optional = true, default-features=false, features = ["alloc"] }
-num-bigint = { version = "0.4", default-features = false }
+num-bigint = { version = "0.5", default-features = false }
 num-traits = { version = "0.2", default-features = false }
 parking_lot = { version = "0.12", optional = true }
-spin = { version = "0.10.0", default-features = false, features = ["mutex", "spin_mutex"] }
+spin = { version = "0.12.0", default-features = false, features = ["mutex", "spin_mutex"] }
 
 globset = { version = "0.4.16", features = ["simd-accel"], default-features = false, optional = true }
 regex = {version = "1.12.3", optional = true, default-features = false }
 semver = {version = "1.0.28", optional = true, default-features = false }
 url = { version = "2.5.4", optional = true }
 uuid = { version = "1.22.0", default-features = false, features = ["v4", "fast-rng"], optional = true }
-jsonschema = { version = "0.45.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
+jsonschema = { version = "0.48.5", default-features = false, optional = true }
 chrono = { version = "0.4.44", optional = true }
 chrono-tz = { version = "0.10.1", optional = true }
 ipnet = { version = "2.12.0", optional = true, default-features = false }
@@ -127,13 +133,18 @@ rand = { version = "0.10.0", default-features = false, features = ["thread_rng"]
 # Causes the project to link with the Spectre-mitigated CRT and libs.
 msvc_spectre_libs = { version = "0.1", features = ["error"], optional = true }
 dashmap = { version = "6.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
-lru = { version = "0.16", default-features = false, optional = true }
-mimalloc = { package = "regorus-mimalloc", path = "mimalloc", version = "2.2.6", optional = true }
+lru = { version = "0.18", default-features = false, optional = true }
+mimalloc = { package = "regorus-mimalloc", path = "mimalloc", version = "2.2.7", optional = true }
 
 # rvm related deps
 indexmap = { version = "2.13.1", default-features = false, features = ["serde"], optional = true }
 postcard = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"], optional = true }
 
+# Verus-related dependencies.
+# vstd is enabled via the `verus` feature. In no_std builds only the `alloc` feature is used;
+# the crate's `std` feature additionally enables `vstd/std` (matching vstd's default features).
+vstd = { version = "=0.0.0-2026-07-12-0122", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.102"
 cfg-if = "1.0.0"
@@ -214,3 +225,7 @@ doctest=false
 # RUSTDOCFLAGS="--cfg docsrs" cargo +nightly doc --all-features --no-deps
 all-features = true
 rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+
+[lints.rust]
+# Allow `verus_keep_ghost` configuration flag (used by Verus)
+unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ['cfg(verus_keep_ghost)'] }

bindings/csharp/Benchmarks/Benchmarks.csproj

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
   
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <!-- If the environment variable is set (such as in a Github Action run), append the suffix to the version number -->
-    <RegorusPackageVersionSuffix Condition="'$(VersionSuffix)' != ''">-$(VersionSuffix)</RegorusPackageVersionSuffix>
     <UsePackageReference Condition="'$(UsePackageReference)' == ''">false</UsePackageReference>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

bindings/csharp/Directory.Packages.props

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <Project>
   <PropertyGroup>
     <ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>true</ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>
-    <RegorusPackageVersion>0.9.1</RegorusPackageVersion>
+    <RegorusPackageVersion>0.11.0</RegorusPackageVersion>
     <RegorusPackageVersionSuffix Condition="'$(VersionSuffix)' != ''">-$(VersionSuffix)</RegorusPackageVersionSuffix>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

bindings/csharp/README.md

@@ -150,3 +150,76 @@ const string ContextJson = """
 var allowed = RbacEngine.EvaluateCondition(Condition, ContextJson);
 Console.WriteLine($"RBAC condition allowed: {allowed}");
 ```
+
+## Azure Policy JSON Evaluation
+
+Compile and evaluate Azure Policy JSON `policyRule` definitions directly — no Rego translation required.
+The `AzurePolicyCompiler` compiles JSON policy rules into RVM programs that can be executed with the `Rvm` engine.
+
+```csharp
+using Regorus;
+
+// 1. Load alias definitions for the resource provider
+const string AliasesJson = """
+[{
+    "namespace": "Microsoft.Storage",
+    "resourceTypes": [{
+        "resourceType": "storageAccounts",
+        "aliases": [{
+            "name": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly",
+            "defaultPath": "properties.supportsHttpsTrafficOnly",
+            "paths": []
+        }]
+    }]
+}]
+""";
+
+using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(AliasesJson);
+
+// 2. Compile a JSON policy rule (the native Azure Policy language)
+const string PolicyRule = """
+{
+    "if": {
+        "allOf": [
+            { "field": "type", "equals": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts" },
+            { "field": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly", "equals": false }
+        ]
+    },
+    "then": { "effect": "deny" }
+}
+""";
+
+using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(registry, PolicyRule);
+
+// 3. Normalize an ARM resource and evaluate
+var armResource = """
+{
+    "type": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts",
+    "name": "mystorage",
+    "properties": { "supportsHttpsTrafficOnly": false }
+}
+""";
+var envelope = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(armResource);
+
+using var vm = new Rvm();
+vm.LoadProgram(program);
+vm.SetInputJson(envelope!);
+
+var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+// result: {"effect": "deny"} for non-compliant, "<undefined>" for compliant
+Console.WriteLine($"Policy result: {result}");
+```
+
+**Context-dependent policies:** If your policy uses context functions like
+`subscription()`, `resourceGroup()`, or `requestContext()`, you must also set
+the VM context separately:
+
+```csharp
+// The context JSON from NormalizeAndWrap is in the input envelope,
+// but must also be provided to the VM's ambient context:
+vm.SetContextJson(contextJson);
+```
+
+You can also compile full policy definitions (with parameters) using
+`AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyDefinition()`. See
+`bindings/csharp/Regorus.Tests/AzurePolicyCompilerTests.cs` for comprehensive examples.

bindings/csharp/Regorus.Tests/AliasRegistryTests.cs

@@ -43,31 +43,28 @@ public class AliasRegistryTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void Create_and_dispose_succeeds()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.Empty();
         Assert.AreEqual(0, registry.Length);
     }
 
     [TestMethod]
     public void LoadJson_populates_registry()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(AliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(AliasesJson);
         Assert.AreEqual(1, registry.Length);
     }
 
     [TestMethod]
     public void LoadManifest_populates_registry()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadManifest(ManifestJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromManifest(ManifestJson);
         Assert.AreEqual(1, registry.Length);
     }
 
     [TestMethod]
     public void NormalizeAndWrap_produces_envelope()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(AliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(AliasesJson);
 
         var resource = @"{
             ""name"": ""acct1"",
@@ -93,8 +90,7 @@ public class AliasRegistryTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void NormalizeAndWrap_with_context_and_parameters()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(AliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(AliasesJson);
 
         var resource = @"{
             ""name"": ""acct1"",
@@ -115,8 +111,7 @@ public class AliasRegistryTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void Denormalize_restores_properties()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(AliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(AliasesJson);
 
         var normalized = @"{
             ""name"": ""acct1"",
@@ -137,8 +132,7 @@ public class AliasRegistryTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void Round_trip_normalize_then_denormalize()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(AliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(AliasesJson);
 
         var resource = @"{
             ""name"": ""acct1"",
@@ -166,8 +160,7 @@ public class AliasRegistryTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void DataPlane_manifest_normalize()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadManifest(ManifestJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromManifest(ManifestJson);
 
         var resource = @"{
             ""type"": ""Microsoft.KeyVault.Data/vaults/certificates"",
@@ -185,7 +178,7 @@ public class AliasRegistryTests
     [ExpectedException(typeof(InvalidOperationException))]
     public void LoadJson_invalid_throws()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson("not valid json");
+        using var builder = new AliasRegistryBuilder();
+        builder.LoadJson("not valid json");
     }
 }

bindings/csharp/Regorus.Tests/AzurePolicyCompilerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Regorus;
+
+namespace Regorus.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tests for <see cref="AzurePolicyCompiler"/> — compiling Azure Policy JSON
+/// policyRule and policyDefinition into RVM programs and evaluating them.
+/// </summary>
+[TestClass]
+public class AzurePolicyCompilerTests
+{
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Test data
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    private const string StorageAliasesJson = @"[{
+        ""namespace"": ""Microsoft.Storage"",
+        ""resourceTypes"": [{
+            ""resourceType"": ""storageAccounts"",
+            ""capabilities"": ""SupportsTags, SupportsLocation"",
+            ""aliases"": [
+                {
+                    ""name"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"",
+                    ""defaultPath"": ""properties.supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"",
+                    ""paths"": []
+                },
+                {
+                    ""name"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/minimumTlsVersion"",
+                    ""defaultPath"": ""properties.minimumTlsVersion"",
+                    ""paths"": []
+                }
+            ]
+        }]
+    }]";
+
+    /// <summary>Simple policy rule that checks the resource type.</summary>
+    private const string SimpleAuditRule = @"{
+        ""if"": {
+            ""field"": ""type"",
+            ""equals"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts""
+        },
+        ""then"": { ""effect"": ""audit"" }
+    }";
+
+    /// <summary>Policy rule that uses an alias to check HTTPS-only.</summary>
+    private const string HttpsDenyRule = @"{
+        ""if"": {
+            ""allOf"": [
+                { ""field"": ""type"", ""equals"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"" },
+                { ""field"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"", ""equals"": false }
+            ]
+        },
+        ""then"": { ""effect"": ""deny"" }
+    }";
+
+    /// <summary>Full policy definition with parameters.</summary>
+    private const string PolicyDefinitionWithParams = @"{
+        ""displayName"": ""Require HTTPS for storage accounts"",
+        ""policyType"": ""Custom"",
+        ""mode"": ""Indexed"",
+        ""parameters"": {
+            ""effect"": {
+                ""type"": ""String"",
+                ""defaultValue"": ""deny""
+            }
+        },
+        ""policyRule"": {
+            ""if"": {
+                ""allOf"": [
+                    { ""field"": ""type"", ""equals"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"" },
+                    { ""field"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"", ""equals"": false }
+                ]
+            },
+            ""then"": { ""effect"": ""[parameters('effect')]"" }
+        }
+    }";
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Helper
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wrap a normalized resource JSON and parameters into the input envelope
+    /// expected by compiled Azure Policy RVM programs.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static string WrapInput(string resourceJson, string parametersJson = "{}")
+    {
+        return $@"{{""resource"": {resourceJson}, ""parameters"": {parametersJson}}}";
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Compile a policy rule, load it into an RVM, set input, and execute.
+    /// Returns the result string from <c>ExecuteEntryPoint("main")</c>.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static string? CompileAndEval(
+        AliasRegistry? registry,
+        string policyRuleJson,
+        string inputJson)
+    {
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(registry, policyRuleJson);
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+        vm.SetInputJson(inputJson);
+        return vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // CompilePolicyRule tests
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void CompilePolicyRule_no_aliases_succeeds()
+    {
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(null, SimpleAuditRule);
+        Assert.IsNotNull(program);
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void CompilePolicyRule_with_aliases_succeeds()
+    {
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(registry, HttpsDenyRule);
+        Assert.IsNotNull(program);
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+    public void CompilePolicyRule_null_json_throws()
+    {
+        AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(null, null!);
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    [ExpectedException(typeof(InvalidOperationException))]
+    public void CompilePolicyRule_invalid_json_throws()
+    {
+        AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(null, "not valid json");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // CompilePolicyDefinition tests
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void CompilePolicyDefinition_no_aliases_succeeds()
+    {
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyDefinition(null, PolicyDefinitionWithParams);
+        Assert.IsNotNull(program);
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void CompilePolicyDefinition_with_aliases_succeeds()
+    {
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyDefinition(registry, PolicyDefinitionWithParams);
+        Assert.IsNotNull(program);
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+    public void CompilePolicyDefinition_null_json_throws()
+    {
+        AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyDefinition(null, null!);
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    [ExpectedException(typeof(InvalidOperationException))]
+    public void CompilePolicyDefinition_invalid_json_throws()
+    {
+        AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyDefinition(null, @"{""not"": ""a definition""}");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // End-to-end evaluation tests
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_simple_rule_matching_resource_returns_effect()
+    {
+        var input = WrapInput(
+            @"{""type"": ""microsoft.storage/storageaccounts""}");
+
+        var result = CompileAndEval(null, SimpleAuditRule, input);
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result, "expected a result for matching resource");
+
+        var doc = JsonNode.Parse(result!)!;
+        Assert.AreEqual("audit", doc["effect"]?.GetValue<string>(),
+            $"expected 'audit' effect, got: {result}");
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_simple_rule_non_matching_resource_returns_undefined()
+    {
+        var input = WrapInput(
+            @"{""type"": ""microsoft.compute/virtualmachines""}");
+
+        var result = CompileAndEval(null, SimpleAuditRule, input);
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+        StringAssert.Contains(result!, "undefined",
+            "expected undefined for non-matching resource type");
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_alias_rule_non_compliant_returns_deny()
+    {
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+
+        // Non-compliant: HTTPS not enabled (normalized/lowercased form)
+        var input = WrapInput(
+            @"{""type"": ""microsoft.storage/storageaccounts"", ""supportshttpstrafficonly"": false}");
+
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(registry, HttpsDenyRule);
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+        vm.SetInputJson(input);
+
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+
+        var doc = JsonNode.Parse(result!)!;
+        Assert.AreEqual("deny", doc["effect"]?.GetValue<string>(),
+            $"expected 'deny' for non-compliant resource, got: {result}");
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_alias_rule_compliant_returns_undefined()
+    {
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+
+        // Compliant: HTTPS enabled
+        var input = WrapInput(
+            @"{""type"": ""microsoft.storage/storageaccounts"", ""supportshttpstrafficonly"": true}");
+
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(registry, HttpsDenyRule);
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+        vm.SetInputJson(input);
+
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+        StringAssert.Contains(result!, "undefined",
+            "expected undefined for compliant resource");
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_definition_with_default_parameters()
+    {
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyDefinition(
+            registry, PolicyDefinitionWithParams);
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+
+        // Non-compliant resource
+        var input = WrapInput(
+            @"{""type"": ""microsoft.storage/storageaccounts"", ""supportshttpstrafficonly"": false}");
+        vm.SetInputJson(input);
+
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+
+        var doc = JsonNode.Parse(result!)!;
+        // Default parameter value is "deny"
+        Assert.AreEqual("deny", doc["effect"]?.GetValue<string>(),
+            $"expected default 'deny' effect, got: {result}");
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_with_normalized_arm_resource_end_to_end()
+    {
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+
+        // Simulate the full production flow:
+        // 1. Start with an ARM resource
+        var armResource = @"{
+            ""type"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"",
+            ""name"": ""mystorage"",
+            ""location"": ""eastus"",
+            ""properties"": {
+                ""supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"": false,
+                ""minimumTlsVersion"": ""TLS1_0""
+            }
+        }";
+
+        // 2. Normalize via AliasRegistry
+        var normalizedEnvelope = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(
+            armResource,
+            apiVersion: null,
+            contextJson: "{}",
+            parametersJson: "{}");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(normalizedEnvelope);
+
+        // 3. Compile the policy rule
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(registry, HttpsDenyRule);
+
+        // 4. Execute
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+        vm.SetInputJson(normalizedEnvelope!);
+
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+
+        var doc = JsonNode.Parse(result!)!;
+        Assert.AreEqual("deny", doc["effect"]?.GetValue<string>(),
+            $"expected 'deny' for non-HTTPS storage account, got: {result}");
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_normalized_compliant_resource_end_to_end()
+    {
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+
+        var armResource = @"{
+            ""type"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"",
+            ""name"": ""secureastorage"",
+            ""location"": ""westus"",
+            ""properties"": {
+                ""supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"": true,
+                ""minimumTlsVersion"": ""TLS1_2""
+            }
+        }";
+
+        var normalizedEnvelope = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(
+            armResource,
+            apiVersion: null,
+            contextJson: "{}",
+            parametersJson: "{}");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(normalizedEnvelope);
+
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(registry, HttpsDenyRule);
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+        vm.SetInputJson(normalizedEnvelope!);
+
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+        StringAssert.Contains(result!, "undefined",
+            "expected undefined for compliant HTTPS storage account");
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Program_can_be_serialized_and_reloaded()
+    {
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(null, SimpleAuditRule);
+
+        // Serialize to binary
+        var binary = program.SerializeBinary();
+        Assert.IsTrue(binary.Length > 0, "serialized program should not be empty");
+
+        // Deserialize and run
+        using var restored = Program.DeserializeBinary(binary, out var isPartial);
+        Assert.IsFalse(isPartial, "program should not be partial");
+
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(restored);
+        var input = WrapInput(@"{""type"": ""microsoft.storage/storageaccounts""}");
+        vm.SetInputJson(input);
+
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+        var doc = JsonNode.Parse(result!)!;
+        Assert.AreEqual("audit", doc["effect"]?.GetValue<string>());
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Program_generates_listing()
+    {
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(null, SimpleAuditRule);
+        var listing = program.GenerateListing();
+        Assert.IsFalse(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(listing),
+            "generated listing should not be empty");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Context-dependent policy tests
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Policy rule that uses subscription() context function.
+    private const string ContextPolicyRule = @"{
+        ""if"": {
+            ""allOf"": [
+                { ""field"": ""type"", ""equals"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"" },
+                { ""value"": ""[subscription().subscriptionId]"", ""equals"": ""sub-123"" }
+            ]
+        },
+        ""then"": { ""effect"": ""deny"" }
+    }";
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_context_policy_with_set_context_returns_effect()
+    {
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(null, ContextPolicyRule);
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+
+        vm.SetContextJson(@"{""subscription"": {""subscriptionId"": ""sub-123""}}");
+
+        var input = WrapInput(
+            @"{""type"": ""microsoft.storage/storageaccounts""}");
+        vm.SetInputJson(input);
+
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+        var doc = JsonNode.Parse(result!)!;
+        Assert.AreEqual("deny", doc["effect"]?.GetValue<string>(),
+            $"expected 'deny' with matching context, got: {result}");
+    }
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Eval_context_policy_without_context_returns_undefined()
+    {
+        using var program = AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(null, ContextPolicyRule);
+        using var vm = new Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+
+        // No context set — subscription() will be undefined
+        var input = WrapInput(
+            @"{""type"": ""microsoft.storage/storageaccounts""}");
+        vm.SetInputJson(input);
+
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+        StringAssert.Contains(result!, "undefined",
+            "expected undefined without context set");
+    }
+}

bindings/csharp/Regorus.Tests/AzurePolicyTests.cs

@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@ public class AzurePolicyTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void AliasRegistry_NormalizeAndWrap_produces_input_envelope()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
 
         var result = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(
             StorageResourceJson,
@@ -84,8 +83,7 @@ public class AzurePolicyTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void AliasRegistry_NormalizeAndWrap_flattens_properties()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
 
         var result = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(StorageResourceJson);
         Assert.IsNotNull(result);
@@ -107,8 +105,7 @@ public class AzurePolicyTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void AliasRegistry_NormalizeAndWrap_preserves_type_field()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
 
         var result = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(StorageResourceJson);
         var doc = JsonNode.Parse(result!);
@@ -125,8 +122,7 @@ public class AzurePolicyTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void AliasRegistry_NormalizeAndWrap_includes_parameters()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
 
         var parametersJson = @"{ ""effect"": ""Deny"" }";
         var result = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(
@@ -143,8 +139,7 @@ public class AzurePolicyTests
     [TestMethod]
     public void AliasRegistry_Denormalize_roundtrips_correctly()
     {
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(StorageAliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(StorageAliasesJson);
 
         // Normalize the ARM resource.
         var envelope = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(StorageResourceJson);
@@ -177,8 +172,7 @@ public class AzurePolicyTests
         }
 
         var aliasesJson = File.ReadAllText(aliasesPath);
-        using var registry = new AliasRegistry();
-        registry.LoadJson(aliasesJson);
+        using var registry = AliasRegistry.FromJson(aliasesJson);
 
         // The test_aliases.json file contains multiple providers.
         Assert.IsTrue(registry.Length > 0,

bindings/csharp/Regorus.Tests/MemoryGrowthTests.cs

@@ -115,6 +115,10 @@ public class MemoryGrowthTests
 
                 if (i % LogEvery == 0)
                 {
+                    // Collect transient managed garbage so the working-set delta reflects
+                    // retained (leaked) memory rather than uncollected allocations. A real
+                    // native leak from a missed Dispose() would survive GC and still be caught.
+                    ForceFullGc();
                     process.Refresh();
                     var workingSet = process.WorkingSet64;
                     var managed = GC.GetTotalMemory(false);
@@ -228,6 +232,10 @@ public class MemoryGrowthTests
 
                 if (i % LogEvery == 0)
                 {
+                    // Collect transient managed garbage so the working-set delta reflects
+                    // retained (leaked) memory rather than uncollected allocations. A real
+                    // native leak from a missed Dispose() would survive GC and still be caught.
+                    ForceFullGc();
                     process.Refresh();
                     var workingSet = process.WorkingSet64;
                     var managed = GC.GetTotalMemory(false);

bindings/csharp/Regorus.Tests/Regorus.Tests.csproj

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
   
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <!-- If the environment variable is set (such as in a Github Action run), append the suffix to the version number -->
-    <RegorusPackageVersionSuffix Condition="'$(VersionSuffix)' != ''">-$(VersionSuffix)</RegorusPackageVersionSuffix>
     <UsePackageReference Condition="'$(UsePackageReference)' == ''">false</UsePackageReference>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

bindings/csharp/Regorus/AliasRegistry.cs

@@ -8,51 +8,43 @@ using Regorus.Internal;
 namespace Regorus
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Manages Azure Policy alias definitions used for resource normalization
+    /// Immutable Azure Policy alias registry used for resource normalization
     /// and policy compilation.
     /// </summary>
     public unsafe sealed class AliasRegistry : SafeHandleWrapper
     {
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create an empty alias registry.
-        /// </summary>
-        public AliasRegistry()
-            : base(RegorusAliasRegistryHandle.Create(), nameof(AliasRegistry))
+        internal AliasRegistry(RegorusAliasRegistryHandle handle)
+            : base(handle, nameof(AliasRegistry))
         {
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Load control-plane alias data (array of ProviderAliases) from a JSON string.
+        /// Create an empty immutable alias registry.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="json">JSON array of ProviderAliases (e.g. from Get-AzPolicyAlias or ResourceTypesAndAliases.json)</param>
-        public void LoadJson(string json)
+        public static AliasRegistry Empty()
         {
-            Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(json, jsonPtr =>
-            {
-                UseHandle(regPtr =>
-                {
-                    CheckAndDropResult(API.regorus_alias_registry_load_json(
-                        (RegorusAliasRegistry*)regPtr, (byte*)jsonPtr));
-                    return 0;
-                });
-            });
+            using var builder = new AliasRegistryBuilder();
+            return builder.Build();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Load a data-plane policy manifest from a JSON string.
+        /// Create an immutable alias registry from control-plane alias JSON.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="json">JSON object containing a DataPolicyManifest</param>
-        public void LoadManifest(string json)
+        public static AliasRegistry FromJson(string json)
         {
-            Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(json, jsonPtr =>
-            {
-                UseHandle(regPtr =>
-                {
-                    CheckAndDropResult(API.regorus_alias_registry_load_manifest(
-                        (RegorusAliasRegistry*)regPtr, (byte*)jsonPtr));
-                    return 0;
-                });
-            });
+            using var builder = new AliasRegistryBuilder();
+            builder.LoadJson(json);
+            return builder.Build();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create an immutable alias registry from a data-plane manifest JSON document.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static AliasRegistry FromManifest(string json)
+        {
+            using var builder = new AliasRegistryBuilder();
+            builder.LoadManifest(json);
+            return builder.Build();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -74,11 +66,6 @@ namespace Regorus
         /// Normalize an ARM resource JSON and wrap it into the standard input envelope
         /// expected by a compiled Azure Policy program.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="resourceJson">Raw ARM resource JSON</param>
-        /// <param name="apiVersion">API version string (e.g. "2023-01-01"), or null to use default alias paths</param>
-        /// <param name="contextJson">Additional context JSON object (pass "{}" if none)</param>
-        /// <param name="parametersJson">Policy parameter values JSON (pass "{}" if none)</param>
-        /// <returns>JSON string: { "resource": &lt;normalized&gt;, "context": &lt;context&gt;, "parameters": &lt;params&gt; }</returns>
         public string? NormalizeAndWrap(string resourceJson, string? apiVersion = null, string contextJson = "{}", string parametersJson = "{}")
         {
             return Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(resourceJson, resPtr =>
@@ -96,27 +83,22 @@ namespace Regorus
                                         (byte*)ctxPtr, (byte*)paramsPtr));
                             });
                         }
-                        else
-                        {
-                            return Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(apiVersion, apiPtr =>
-                                UseHandle(regPtr =>
-                                {
-                                    return ResultHelpers.GetStringResult(
-                                        API.regorus_alias_registry_normalize_and_wrap(
-                                            (RegorusAliasRegistry*)regPtr,
-                                            (byte*)resPtr, (byte*)apiPtr,
-                                            (byte*)ctxPtr, (byte*)paramsPtr));
-                                }));
-                        }
+
+                        return Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(apiVersion, apiPtr =>
+                            UseHandle(regPtr =>
+                            {
+                                return ResultHelpers.GetStringResult(
+                                    API.regorus_alias_registry_normalize_and_wrap(
+                                        (RegorusAliasRegistry*)regPtr,
+                                        (byte*)resPtr, (byte*)apiPtr,
+                                        (byte*)ctxPtr, (byte*)paramsPtr));
+                            }));
                     })));
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Denormalize a previously-normalized resource JSON back to ARM format.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="normalizedJson">The normalized resource JSON</param>
-        /// <param name="apiVersion">API version string, or null to use default alias paths</param>
-        /// <returns>Denormalized ARM JSON string</returns>
         public string? Denormalize(string normalizedJson, string? apiVersion = null)
         {
             return Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(normalizedJson, normPtr =>
@@ -131,23 +113,16 @@ namespace Regorus
                                 (byte*)normPtr, null));
                     });
                 }
-                else
-                {
-                    return Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(apiVersion, apiPtr =>
-                        UseHandle(regPtr =>
-                        {
-                            return ResultHelpers.GetStringResult(
-                                API.regorus_alias_registry_denormalize(
-                                    (RegorusAliasRegistry*)regPtr,
-                                    (byte*)normPtr, (byte*)apiPtr));
-                        }));
-                }
-            });
-        }
 
-        private static string? CheckAndDropResult(RegorusResult result)
-        {
-            return ResultHelpers.GetStringResult(result);
+                return Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(apiVersion, apiPtr =>
+                    UseHandle(regPtr =>
+                    {
+                        return ResultHelpers.GetStringResult(
+                            API.regorus_alias_registry_denormalize(
+                                (RegorusAliasRegistry*)regPtr,
+                                (byte*)normPtr, (byte*)apiPtr));
+                    }));
+            });
         }
     }
 }

bindings/csharp/Regorus/AliasRegistryBuilder.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+
+using System;
+using Regorus.Internal;
+
+#nullable enable
+namespace Regorus
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Mutable, single-threaded builder for <see cref="AliasRegistry"/>.
+    /// Load alias data, then call <see cref="Build"/> to freeze the registry.
+    /// </summary>
+    public unsafe sealed class AliasRegistryBuilder : SafeHandleWrapper
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create an empty alias registry builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        public AliasRegistryBuilder()
+            : base(RegorusAliasRegistryBuilderHandle.Create(), nameof(AliasRegistryBuilder))
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Load control-plane alias data (array of ProviderAliases) from a JSON string.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void LoadJson(string json)
+        {
+            Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(json, jsonPtr =>
+            {
+                UseHandle(builderPtr =>
+                {
+                    ResultHelpers.GetStringResult(API.regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_json(
+                        (RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder*)builderPtr,
+                        (byte*)jsonPtr));
+                });
+            });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Load a data-plane policy manifest from a JSON string.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void LoadManifest(string json)
+        {
+            Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(json, jsonPtr =>
+            {
+                UseHandle(builderPtr =>
+                {
+                    ResultHelpers.GetStringResult(API.regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_manifest(
+                        (RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder*)builderPtr,
+                        (byte*)jsonPtr));
+                });
+            });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Freeze the builder into an immutable, thread-safe alias registry.
+        /// </summary>
+        public AliasRegistry Build()
+        {
+            return UseHandle(builderPtr =>
+            {
+                var registryPtr = ResultHelpers.GetPointerResult(
+                    API.regorus_alias_registry_builder_build((RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder*)builderPtr));
+                return new AliasRegistry(RegorusAliasRegistryHandle.FromPointer(registryPtr));
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}

bindings/csharp/Regorus/AzurePolicyCompiler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+
+using System;
+using Regorus.Internal;
+
+#nullable enable
+namespace Regorus
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides static methods for compiling Azure Policy JSON definitions
+    /// into RVM programs that can be executed by <see cref="Rvm"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <para>
+    /// This class bridges the gap between Azure Policy JSON (the native
+    /// Azure policy language with <c>policyRule</c>, <c>field</c>,
+    /// <c>equals</c>, etc.) and Regorus's RVM execution engine.
+    /// </para>
+    ///
+    /// <para>
+    /// <b>Typical workflow:</b>
+    /// </para>
+    /// <list type="number">
+    /// <item>Load alias definitions with <see cref="AliasRegistryBuilder"/> and freeze them into an <see cref="AliasRegistry"/>.</item>
+    /// <item>Normalize the ARM resource via <see cref="AliasRegistry.NormalizeAndWrap"/>.</item>
+    /// <item>Compile the JSON policyRule with <see cref="CompilePolicyRule"/> or the
+    ///        full definition with <see cref="CompilePolicyDefinition"/>.</item>
+    /// <item>Execute the resulting <see cref="Program"/> in an <see cref="Rvm"/>
+    ///        instance with the normalized input.</item>
+    /// </list>
+    ///
+    /// <para>
+    /// <b>Context-dependent policies:</b> Policies that use context functions
+    /// such as <c>subscription()</c>, <c>resourceGroup()</c>, or
+    /// <c>requestContext()</c> require the VM context to be set separately via
+    /// <see cref="Rvm.SetContextJson"/> before execution. The context JSON
+    /// returned by <see cref="AliasRegistry.NormalizeAndWrap"/> is passed as
+    /// <c>input.context</c> but is <b>not</b> automatically wired into the VM's
+    /// ambient context — the caller must do both:
+    /// <c>vm.SetInputJson(envelope)</c> and <c>vm.SetContextJson(contextJson)</c>.
+    /// </para>
+    /// </remarks>
+    public static unsafe class AzurePolicyCompiler
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compile an Azure Policy JSON policy rule into an RVM <see cref="Program"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="aliasRegistry">
+        /// Alias registry for resolving fully-qualified alias names in field
+        /// references.  Pass <c>null</c> if no alias resolution is needed.
+        /// <para>
+        /// <b>Warning:</b> When <c>null</c>, alias field references compile as raw
+        /// property paths and will silently produce incorrect evaluation results for
+        /// policies that use aliases.  Modify/Append effect policies will also skip
+        /// the compile-time modifiability validation.  Only pass <c>null</c> when the
+        /// policy is known to contain no alias references (e.g. simple type/location
+        /// checks or unit-test scenarios).
+        /// </para>
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="policyRuleJson">
+        /// JSON string containing the policyRule object, e.g.
+        /// <c>{ "if": { "field": "type", "equals": "..." }, "then": { "effect": "deny" } }</c>
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A compiled <see cref="Program"/> ready to be loaded into an
+        /// <see cref="Rvm"/> instance.
+        /// </returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">
+        /// Thrown when <paramref name="policyRuleJson"/> is <c>null</c>.
+        /// </exception>
+        /// <exception cref="Exception">
+        /// Thrown when parsing or compilation fails.
+        /// </exception>
+        public static Program CompilePolicyRule(AliasRegistry? aliasRegistry, string policyRuleJson)
+        {
+            if (policyRuleJson is null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(policyRuleJson));
+            }
+
+            return Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(policyRuleJson, rulePtr =>
+            {
+                if (aliasRegistry is null)
+                {
+                    var result = API.regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(
+                        null, (byte*)rulePtr);
+                    return GetProgramResult(result);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return aliasRegistry.UseHandleForInterop(regPtr =>
+                    {
+                        var result = API.regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(
+                            (RegorusAliasRegistry*)regPtr, (byte*)rulePtr);
+                        return GetProgramResult(result);
+                    });
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compile a full Azure Policy definition JSON into an RVM <see cref="Program"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="aliasRegistry">
+        /// Alias registry for resolving fully-qualified alias names in field
+        /// references.  Pass <c>null</c> if no alias resolution is needed.
+        /// <para>
+        /// <b>Warning:</b> When <c>null</c>, alias field references compile as raw
+        /// property paths and will silently produce incorrect evaluation results for
+        /// policies that use aliases.  Modify/Append effect policies will also skip
+        /// the compile-time modifiability validation.  Only pass <c>null</c> when the
+        /// policy is known to contain no alias references (e.g. simple type/location
+        /// checks or unit-test scenarios).
+        /// </para>
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="policyDefinitionJson">
+        /// JSON string containing the full policy definition, which includes
+        /// <c>policyRule</c>, <c>parameters</c>, <c>displayName</c>, etc.
+        /// Accepted in both wrapped and unwrapped forms.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// A compiled <see cref="Program"/> ready to be loaded into an
+        /// <see cref="Rvm"/> instance.
+        /// </returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">
+        /// Thrown when <paramref name="policyDefinitionJson"/> is <c>null</c>.
+        /// </exception>
+        /// <exception cref="Exception">
+        /// Thrown when parsing or compilation fails.
+        /// </exception>
+        public static Program CompilePolicyDefinition(AliasRegistry? aliasRegistry, string policyDefinitionJson)
+        {
+            if (policyDefinitionJson is null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(policyDefinitionJson));
+            }
+
+            return Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(policyDefinitionJson, defnPtr =>
+            {
+                if (aliasRegistry is null)
+                {
+                    var result = API.regorus_compile_azure_policy_definition(
+                        null, (byte*)defnPtr);
+                    return GetProgramResult(result);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return aliasRegistry.UseHandleForInterop(regPtr =>
+                    {
+                        var result = API.regorus_compile_azure_policy_definition(
+                            (RegorusAliasRegistry*)regPtr, (byte*)defnPtr);
+                        return GetProgramResult(result);
+                    });
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        private static Program GetProgramResult(RegorusResult result)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (result.status != RegorusStatus.Ok)
+                {
+                    var message = Utf8Marshaller.FromUtf8(result.error_message);
+                    throw result.status.CreateException(message);
+                }
+
+                if (result.data_type != RegorusDataType.Pointer || result.pointer_value == null)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception("Expected program pointer but got different data type");
+                }
+
+                var handle = RegorusProgramHandle.FromPointer((IntPtr)result.pointer_value);
+                return new Program(handle);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                API.regorus_result_drop(result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

bindings/csharp/Regorus/NativeMethods.cs

@@ -178,6 +178,14 @@ namespace Regorus.Internal
         [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_rvm_set_input", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
         internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_rvm_set_input(RegorusRvm* vm, byte* input_json);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the context document for the RVM.
+        /// The context provides host-supplied ambient data (e.g. resourceGroup(), subscription())
+        /// that Azure Policy functions can access.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_rvm_set_context", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
+        internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_rvm_set_context(RegorusRvm* vm, byte* context_json);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Execute the program.
         /// </summary>
@@ -490,6 +498,20 @@ namespace Regorus.Internal
         [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_compile_policy_for_target", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
         internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_compile_policy_for_target(byte* data_json, RegorusPolicyModule* modules, UIntPtr modules_len);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compile an Azure Policy JSON policy rule into an RVM program.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
+        internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(
+            RegorusAliasRegistry* registry, byte* policy_rule_json);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compile a full Azure Policy definition JSON into an RVM program.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_compile_azure_policy_definition", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
+        internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_compile_azure_policy_definition(
+            RegorusAliasRegistry* registry, byte* policy_definition_json);
+
         #endregion
 
         #region Compiled Policy Methods
@@ -673,10 +695,34 @@ namespace Regorus.Internal
         #region Alias Registry Methods
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new, empty AliasRegistry.
+        /// Create a new alias registry builder.
         /// </summary>
-        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_new", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
-        internal static extern RegorusAliasRegistry* regorus_alias_registry_new();
+        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_builder_new", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
+        internal static extern RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder* regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Drop an alias registry builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
+        internal static extern void regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder* builder);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Load control-plane alias data into the builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_json", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
+        internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_json(RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder* builder, byte* json);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Load a data-plane policy manifest into the builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_manifest", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
+        internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_manifest(RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder* builder, byte* json);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Freeze a builder into an immutable alias registry.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_builder_build", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
+        internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder* builder);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Drop an AliasRegistry.
@@ -684,18 +730,6 @@ namespace Regorus.Internal
         [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_drop", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
         internal static extern void regorus_alias_registry_drop(RegorusAliasRegistry* registry);
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Load control-plane alias data (array of ProviderAliases) into the registry.
-        /// </summary>
-        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_load_json", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
-        internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_alias_registry_load_json(RegorusAliasRegistry* registry, byte* json);
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Load a data-plane policy manifest into the registry.
-        /// </summary>
-        [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "regorus_alias_registry_load_manifest", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl, ExactSpelling = true)]
-        internal static extern RegorusResult regorus_alias_registry_load_manifest(RegorusAliasRegistry* registry, byte* json);
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Return the number of resource types loaded in the alias registry.
         /// </summary>
@@ -923,6 +957,14 @@ namespace Regorus.Internal
         public byte* content;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wrapper for AliasRegistryBuilder.
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal unsafe partial struct RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder
+    {
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Wrapper for AliasRegistry.
     /// </summary>

bindings/csharp/Regorus/Program.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace Regorus
     /// </summary>
     public unsafe sealed class Program : SafeHandleWrapper
     {
-        private Program(RegorusProgramHandle handle)
+        internal Program(RegorusProgramHandle handle)
             : base(handle, nameof(Program))
         {
         }

bindings/csharp/Regorus/Regorus.csproj

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
        <LangVersion>10.0</LangVersion>
 
         <!-- See https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/tools/dotnet-pack -->
-        <VersionPrefix>0.9.1</VersionPrefix>
+        <VersionPrefix>$(RegorusPackageVersion)</VersionPrefix>
         <VersionSuffix>$(VersionSuffix)</VersionSuffix>
         <PackageReadmeFile>README.md</PackageReadmeFile>
         <PackageLicenseExpression>MIT AND Apache-2.0 AND BSD-3-Clause</PackageLicenseExpression>

bindings/csharp/Regorus/ResultHelpers.cs

@@ -69,5 +69,29 @@ namespace Regorus.Internal
                 API.regorus_result_drop(result);
             }
         }
+
+
+        internal static IntPtr GetPointerResult(RegorusResult result)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (result.status != RegorusStatus.Ok)
+                {
+                    var message = Utf8Marshaller.FromUtf8(result.error_message);
+                    throw result.status.CreateException(message);
+                }
+
+                if (result.data_type != RegorusDataType.Pointer || result.pointer_value == null)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Expected pointer result.");
+                }
+
+                return (IntPtr)result.pointer_value;
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                API.regorus_result_drop(result);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

bindings/csharp/Regorus/Rvm.cs

@@ -106,6 +106,24 @@ namespace Regorus
             });
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the context document for the VM.
+        /// The context provides host-supplied ambient data (e.g. resourceGroup(),
+        /// subscription()) that Azure Policy functions can access via LoadContext
+        /// instructions.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void SetContextJson(string contextJson)
+        {
+            Utf8Marshaller.WithUtf8(contextJson, contextPtr =>
+            {
+                UseHandle(vmPtr =>
+                {
+                    CheckAndDropResult(API.regorus_rvm_set_context((RegorusRvm*)vmPtr, (byte*)contextPtr));
+                    return 0;
+                });
+            });
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Set the execution mode (0 = run-to-completion, 1 = suspendable).
         /// </summary>

bindings/csharp/Regorus/SafeHandles.cs

@@ -184,28 +184,48 @@ namespace Regorus
         }
     }
 
+    internal sealed class RegorusAliasRegistryBuilderHandle : SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid
+    {
+        private RegorusAliasRegistryBuilderHandle() : base(ownsHandle: true)
+        {
+        }
+
+        internal static RegorusAliasRegistryBuilderHandle Create()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                var raw = Internal.API.regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
+                if (raw is null)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to create Regorus alias registry builder.");
+                }
+
+                var handle = new RegorusAliasRegistryBuilderHandle();
+                handle.SetHandle((IntPtr)raw);
+                return handle;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override bool ReleaseHandle()
+        {
+            if (!IsInvalid)
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    Internal.API.regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop((Internal.RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder*)handle);
+                }
+                SetHandle(IntPtr.Zero);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
     internal sealed class RegorusAliasRegistryHandle : SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid
     {
         private RegorusAliasRegistryHandle() : base(ownsHandle: true)
         {
         }
 
-        internal static RegorusAliasRegistryHandle Create()
-        {
-            unsafe
-            {
-                var raw = Internal.API.regorus_alias_registry_new();
-                if (raw is null)
-                {
-                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to create Regorus alias registry.");
-                }
-
-                var handle = new RegorusAliasRegistryHandle();
-                handle.SetHandle((IntPtr)raw);
-                return handle;
-            }
-        }
-
         internal static RegorusAliasRegistryHandle FromPointer(IntPtr pointer)
         {
             if (pointer == IntPtr.Zero)

bindings/csharp/TargetExampleApp/Program.cs

@@ -232,6 +232,9 @@ allow if {
 
         Console.WriteLine("\n8. RVM host await (suspend/resume):");
         DemonstrateRvmHostAwait();
+
+        Console.WriteLine("\n9. Azure Policy JSON compilation:");
+        DemonstrateAzurePolicyJsonCompilation();
     }
 
     static void DemonstrateConcurrentEvaluation(Regorus.CompiledPolicy compiledPolicy)
@@ -492,4 +495,80 @@ allow if {
         var resumed = vm.Resume("{\"tier\":\"gold\"}");
         Console.WriteLine($"HostAwait resumed result: {resumed}");
     }
+
+    // Azure Policy JSON constants
+    private const string STORAGE_ALIASES_JSON = @"[{
+        ""namespace"": ""Microsoft.Storage"",
+        ""resourceTypes"": [{
+            ""resourceType"": ""storageAccounts"",
+            ""capabilities"": ""SupportsTags, SupportsLocation"",
+            ""aliases"": [
+                {
+                    ""name"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"",
+                    ""defaultPath"": ""properties.supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"",
+                    ""paths"": []
+                }
+            ]
+        }]
+    }]";
+
+    private const string HTTPS_DENY_RULE = @"{
+        ""if"": {
+            ""allOf"": [
+                { ""field"": ""type"", ""equals"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"" },
+                { ""field"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"", ""equals"": false }
+            ]
+        },
+        ""then"": { ""effect"": ""deny"" }
+    }";
+
+    static void DemonstrateAzurePolicyJsonCompilation()
+    {
+        // 1. Set up alias registry
+        using var registry = Regorus.AliasRegistry.FromJson(STORAGE_ALIASES_JSON);
+        Console.WriteLine("Loaded storage account aliases");
+
+        // 2. Compile the JSON policy rule directly (no Rego needed)
+        using var program = Regorus.AzurePolicyCompiler.CompilePolicyRule(registry, HTTPS_DENY_RULE);
+        Console.WriteLine("Compiled Azure Policy JSON rule to RVM program");
+
+        // 3. Normalize an ARM resource
+        var armResource = @"{
+            ""type"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"",
+            ""name"": ""insecurestorage"",
+            ""location"": ""eastus"",
+            ""properties"": { ""supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"": false }
+        }";
+        var envelope = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(armResource, apiVersion: null, contextJson: "{}", parametersJson: "{}");
+        Console.WriteLine($"Normalized ARM resource to evaluation envelope");
+
+        // 4. Execute in the RVM
+        //    Note: For policies using context functions (subscription(), resourceGroup()),
+        //    call vm.SetContextJson(contextJson) before execution. The context from
+        //    NormalizeAndWrap is in the envelope but must also be set on the VM separately.
+        using var vm = new Regorus.Rvm();
+        vm.LoadProgram(program);
+        vm.SetInputJson(envelope!);
+        // vm.SetContextJson(contextJson); // ← required for context-dependent policies
+        var result = vm.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Console.WriteLine($"Evaluation result (non-compliant): {result}");
+
+        // 5. Test with a compliant resource
+        var compliantResource = @"{
+            ""type"": ""Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"",
+            ""name"": ""securestorage"",
+            ""location"": ""eastus"",
+            ""properties"": { ""supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"": true }
+        }";
+        var compliantEnvelope = registry.NormalizeAndWrap(compliantResource, apiVersion: null, contextJson: "{}", parametersJson: "{}");
+        using var vm2 = new Regorus.Rvm();
+        vm2.LoadProgram(program);
+        vm2.SetInputJson(compliantEnvelope!);
+        var compliantResult = vm2.ExecuteEntryPoint("main");
+        Console.WriteLine($"Evaluation result (compliant): {compliantResult}");
+
+        // 6. Demonstrate program serialization
+        var binary = program.SerializeBinary();
+        Console.WriteLine($"Serialized program size: {binary.Length} bytes");
+    }
 }

bindings/csharp/TargetExampleApp/TargetExampleApp.csproj

@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <!-- If the environment variable is set (such as in a Github Action run), append the suffix to the version number -->
-    <RegorusPackageVersionSuffix Condition="'$(VersionSuffix)' != ''">-$(VersionSuffix)</RegorusPackageVersionSuffix>
     <UsePackageReference Condition="'$(UsePackageReference)' == ''">false</UsePackageReference>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

bindings/csharp/TestApp/TestApp.csproj

@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <!-- Allow CI to append the version suffix for locally built packages -->
-    <RegorusPackageVersionSuffix Condition="'$(VersionSuffix)' != ''">-$(VersionSuffix)</RegorusPackageVersionSuffix>
     <UsePackageReference Condition="'$(UsePackageReference)' == ''">false</UsePackageReference>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

bindings/ffi/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 [package]
 name = "regorus-ffi"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.11.0"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT AND Apache-2.0 AND BSD-3-Clause"
 
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib", "staticlib"]
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0"
 regorus = { path  = "../..", default-features = false }
-serde_json = "1.0.140"
+serde_json = "1.0.150"
 parking_lot = { version = "0.12", optional = true }
 
 [profile.release]

bindings/ffi/src/alias_registry.rs

@@ -5,66 +5,108 @@
 
 #![cfg(feature = "azure_policy")]
 
-use crate::common::{from_c_str, to_ref, RegorusResult, RegorusStatus};
+use crate::common::{from_c_str, to_ref, to_shared_ref, RegorusResult, RegorusStatus};
 use crate::panic_guard::with_unwind_guard;
 
 use alloc::boxed::Box;
 use alloc::format;
 use alloc::string::String;
-use anyhow::Result;
-use core::ffi::c_char;
-use core::ptr;
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use core::ffi::{c_char, c_void};
+use core::{mem, ptr};
 
 use regorus::languages::azure_policy::aliases::AliasRegistry;
 
-/// Opaque wrapper for `AliasRegistry`.
-pub struct RegorusAliasRegistry {
-    registry: AliasRegistry,
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Lifecycle
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/// Create a new, empty `AliasRegistry`.
+/// Mutable builder for `AliasRegistry`.
 ///
-/// The caller must eventually call `regorus_alias_registry_drop` to free the handle.
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_new() -> *mut RegorusAliasRegistry {
-    let wrapper = RegorusAliasRegistry {
-        registry: AliasRegistry::new(),
-    };
-    Box::into_raw(Box::new(wrapper))
+/// This handle is intentionally single-threaded and must not be used
+/// concurrently. Callers should finish loading alias data and then freeze it
+/// into a `RegorusAliasRegistry` via `regorus_alias_registry_builder_build`.
+pub struct RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder {
+    registry: AliasRegistry,
+    built: bool,
 }
 
-/// Drop a `RegorusAliasRegistry`.
+impl RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            registry: AliasRegistry::new(),
+            built: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn registry_mut(&mut self) -> Result<&mut AliasRegistry> {
+        if self.built {
+            return Err(anyhow!("alias registry builder has already been built"));
+        }
+        Ok(&mut self.registry)
+    }
+
+    fn build(&mut self) -> Result<RegorusAliasRegistry> {
+        if self.built {
+            return Err(anyhow!("alias registry builder has already been built"));
+        }
+
+        self.built = true;
+        Ok(RegorusAliasRegistry {
+            registry: Arc::new(mem::replace(&mut self.registry, AliasRegistry::new())),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Frozen, immutable alias registry.
+pub struct RegorusAliasRegistry {
+    registry: Arc<AliasRegistry>,
+}
+
+impl RegorusAliasRegistry {
+    /// Return a shared reference to the inner registry for use by the compiler.
+    pub(crate) fn inner(&self) -> Arc<AliasRegistry> {
+        Arc::clone(&self.registry)
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Builder lifecycle
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Create a new, empty `AliasRegistry` builder.
+///
+/// The caller must eventually call `regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop`.
 #[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_drop(registry: *mut RegorusAliasRegistry) {
-    if let Ok(r) = to_ref(registry) {
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_builder_new() -> *mut RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder {
+    Box::into_raw(Box::new(RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder::new()))
+}
+
+/// Drop a `RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder`.
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(builder: *mut RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder) {
+    if let Ok(builder) = to_ref(builder) {
         unsafe {
-            let _ = Box::from_raw(ptr::from_mut(r));
+            let _ = Box::from_raw(ptr::from_mut(builder));
         }
     }
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Loading
+// Builder loading
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/// Load control-plane alias data (array of `ProviderAliases`) into the registry.
+/// Load control-plane alias data (array of `ProviderAliases`) into the builder.
 ///
 /// `json` must be a valid null-terminated UTF-8 string containing the JSON
 /// array returned by `Get-AzPolicyAlias` or the static
 /// `ResourceTypesAndAliases.json` file.
 #[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_load_json(
-    registry: *mut RegorusAliasRegistry,
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_json(
+    builder: *mut RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder,
     json: *const c_char,
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<()> {
             let json_str = from_c_str(json)?;
-            to_ref(registry)?.registry.load_from_json(&json_str)?;
+            to_ref(builder)?.registry_mut()?.load_from_json(&json_str)?;
             Ok(())
         }();
 
@@ -78,20 +120,20 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_load_json(
     })
 }
 
-/// Load a data-plane policy manifest into the registry.
+/// Load a data-plane policy manifest into the builder.
 ///
 /// `json` must be a valid null-terminated UTF-8 string containing a single
 /// `DataPolicyManifest` JSON object.
 #[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_load_manifest(
-    registry: *mut RegorusAliasRegistry,
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_manifest(
+    builder: *mut RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder,
     json: *const c_char,
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<()> {
             let json_str = from_c_str(json)?;
-            to_ref(registry)?
-                .registry
+            to_ref(builder)?
+                .registry_mut()?
                 .load_data_policy_manifest_json(&json_str)?;
             Ok(())
         }();
@@ -106,16 +148,52 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_load_manifest(
     })
 }
 
+/// Freeze a builder into an immutable `RegorusAliasRegistry`.
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(
+    builder: *mut RegorusAliasRegistryBuilder,
+) -> RegorusResult {
+    with_unwind_guard(|| {
+        let output = || -> Result<*mut RegorusAliasRegistry> {
+            let registry = to_ref(builder)?.build()?;
+            Ok(Box::into_raw(Box::new(registry)))
+        }();
+
+        match output {
+            Ok(registry) => RegorusResult::ok_pointer(registry as *mut c_void),
+            Err(e) => {
+                RegorusResult::err_with_message(RegorusStatus::InvalidArgument, format!("{e}"))
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Queries
+// Frozen registry lifecycle
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Drop a `RegorusAliasRegistry`.
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_drop(registry: *mut RegorusAliasRegistry) {
+    if let Ok(registry) = to_ref(registry) {
+        unsafe {
+            let _ = Box::from_raw(ptr::from_mut(registry));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Frozen registry queries
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 /// Return the number of resource types loaded in the alias registry.
 #[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_len(registry: *mut RegorusAliasRegistry) -> RegorusResult {
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_len(
+    registry: *const RegorusAliasRegistry,
+) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<i64> {
-            let len = to_ref(registry)?.registry.len();
+            let len = to_shared_ref(registry)?.registry.len();
             Ok(len as i64)
         }();
 
@@ -134,15 +212,9 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_len(registry: *mut RegorusAliasRegistry
 ///
 /// Returns a JSON string:
 /// `{ "resource": <normalized>, "context": <context>, "parameters": <params> }`.
-///
-/// * `resource_json` – raw ARM resource JSON
-/// * `api_version` – API version string (e.g. `"2023-01-01"`), or null to use
-///   the default alias paths
-/// * `context_json` – JSON object for additional context (pass `"{}"` if none)
-/// * `parameters_json` – JSON object of policy parameter values (pass `"{}"` if none)
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_normalize_and_wrap(
-    registry: *mut RegorusAliasRegistry,
+    registry: *const RegorusAliasRegistry,
     resource_json: *const c_char,
     api_version: *const c_char,
     context_json: *const c_char,
@@ -168,7 +240,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_normalize_and_wrap(
             let context = regorus::Value::from_json_str(&context_str)?;
             let params = regorus::Value::from_json_str(&params_str)?;
 
-            let wrapped = to_ref(registry)?.registry.normalize_and_wrap(
+            let wrapped = to_shared_ref(registry)?.registry.normalize_and_wrap(
                 &resource,
                 api_ver.as_deref(),
                 Some(context),
@@ -185,14 +257,9 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_normalize_and_wrap(
 }
 
 /// Denormalize a previously-normalized resource JSON back to ARM format.
-///
-/// * `normalized_json` – the normalized resource JSON
-/// * `api_version` – API version string, or null to use the default alias paths
-///
-/// Returns the denormalized ARM JSON string.
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_denormalize(
-    registry: *mut RegorusAliasRegistry,
+    registry: *const RegorusAliasRegistry,
     normalized_json: *const c_char,
     api_version: *const c_char,
 ) -> RegorusResult {
@@ -212,7 +279,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_alias_registry_denormalize(
 
             let normalized = regorus::Value::from_json_str(&normalized_str)?;
 
-            let result = to_ref(registry)?
+            let result = to_shared_ref(registry)?
                 .registry
                 .denormalize(&normalized, api_ver.as_deref());
             result.to_json_str()
@@ -232,12 +299,10 @@ mod tests {
     use core::ffi::CStr;
     use std::ffi::CString;
 
-    /// Helper: create a C string from a Rust &str.
     fn c(s: &str) -> CString {
         CString::new(s).expect("CString::new failed")
     }
 
-    /// Helper: assert a RegorusResult has Ok status and extract string output.
     fn assert_ok_string(r: &RegorusResult) -> String {
         assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok, "expected Ok status");
         assert!(!r.output.is_null(), "expected non-null output");
@@ -248,12 +313,51 @@ mod tests {
         s
     }
 
-    /// Helper: assert a RegorusResult has Ok status with integer output.
     fn assert_ok_int(r: &RegorusResult) -> i64 {
         assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok, "expected Ok status");
         r.int_value
     }
 
+    fn assert_ok_pointer(r: &RegorusResult) -> *mut c_void {
+        assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok, "expected Ok status");
+        assert!(matches!(
+            r.data_type,
+            crate::common::RegorusDataType::Pointer
+        ));
+        assert!(!r.pointer_value.is_null());
+        r.pointer_value
+    }
+
+    fn build_registry_with_json(json: &str) -> *mut RegorusAliasRegistry {
+        let builder = regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
+        let json = c(json);
+
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_json(builder, json.as_ptr());
+        assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(builder);
+        let registry = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusAliasRegistry;
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+        regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(builder);
+        registry
+    }
+
+    fn build_registry_with_manifest(json: &str) -> *mut RegorusAliasRegistry {
+        let builder = regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
+        let json = c(json);
+
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_manifest(builder, json.as_ptr());
+        assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(builder);
+        let registry = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusAliasRegistry;
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+        regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(builder);
+        registry
+    }
+
     const ALIASES: &str = r#"[{
         "namespace": "Microsoft.Storage",
         "resourceTypes": [{
@@ -279,20 +383,21 @@ mod tests {
     }"#;
 
     #[test]
-    fn lifecycle_new_and_drop() {
-        let reg = regorus_alias_registry_new();
-        assert!(!reg.is_null());
-        regorus_alias_registry_drop(reg);
+    fn lifecycle_builder_build_and_drop() {
+        let builder = regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
+        assert!(!builder.is_null());
+
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(builder);
+        let registry = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusAliasRegistry;
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+        regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(builder);
+        regorus_alias_registry_drop(registry);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn load_json_and_check_len() {
-        let reg = regorus_alias_registry_new();
-        let json = c(ALIASES);
-
-        let r = regorus_alias_registry_load_json(reg, json.as_ptr());
-        assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
-        regorus_result_drop(r);
+        let reg = build_registry_with_json(ALIASES);
 
         let r = regorus_alias_registry_len(reg);
         assert_eq!(assert_ok_int(&r), 1);
@@ -303,12 +408,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn load_manifest_and_check_len() {
-        let reg = regorus_alias_registry_new();
-        let json = c(MANIFEST);
-
-        let r = regorus_alias_registry_load_manifest(reg, json.as_ptr());
-        assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
-        regorus_result_drop(r);
+        let reg = build_registry_with_manifest(MANIFEST);
 
         let r = regorus_alias_registry_len(reg);
         assert_eq!(assert_ok_int(&r), 1);
@@ -319,23 +419,39 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn load_invalid_json_returns_error() {
-        let reg = regorus_alias_registry_new();
+        let builder = regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
         let bad = c("not valid json");
 
-        let r = regorus_alias_registry_load_json(reg, bad.as_ptr());
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_json(builder, bad.as_ptr());
         assert_ne!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
         regorus_result_drop(r);
 
-        regorus_alias_registry_drop(reg);
+        regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(builder);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn builder_cannot_be_reused_after_build() {
+        let builder = regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(builder);
+        let registry = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusAliasRegistry;
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+        let aliases = c(ALIASES);
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_json(builder, aliases.as_ptr());
+        assert_ne!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(builder);
+        assert_ne!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+        regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(builder);
+        regorus_alias_registry_drop(registry);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn normalize_and_wrap_round_trip() {
-        let reg = regorus_alias_registry_new();
-        let aliases = c(ALIASES);
-        let r = regorus_alias_registry_load_json(reg, aliases.as_ptr());
-        assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
-        regorus_result_drop(r);
+        let reg = build_registry_with_json(ALIASES);
 
         let resource = c(r#"{
             "name": "acct1",
@@ -346,7 +462,6 @@ mod tests {
         let ctx = c(r#"{"resourceGroup": {"name": "rg1"}}"#);
         let params = c(r#"{"env": "prod"}"#);
 
-        // Normalize
         let r = regorus_alias_registry_normalize_and_wrap(
             reg,
             resource.as_ptr(),
@@ -357,7 +472,6 @@ mod tests {
         let envelope_json = assert_ok_string(&r);
         regorus_result_drop(r);
 
-        // Parse and verify structure
         let envelope: serde_json::Value =
             serde_json::from_str(&envelope_json).expect("invalid JSON output");
         assert!(
@@ -373,16 +487,13 @@ mod tests {
             "envelope missing 'context'"
         );
 
-        // The normalized resource should have lowercased alias fields
         let res = &envelope["resource"];
         assert_eq!(res["supportshttpstrafficonly"], true);
         assert_eq!(res["name"], "acct1");
 
-        // Context and parameters should be passed through
         assert_eq!(envelope["context"]["resourceGroup"]["name"], "rg1");
         assert_eq!(envelope["parameters"]["env"], "prod");
 
-        // Denormalize the resource portion
         let resource_json = serde_json::to_string(&res).expect("serialize resource");
         let norm_cstr = c(&resource_json);
 
@@ -392,7 +503,6 @@ mod tests {
 
         let denorm: serde_json::Value =
             serde_json::from_str(&denorm_json).expect("invalid denorm JSON");
-        // Should be back under properties with restored casing
         assert_eq!(
             denorm["properties"]["supportsHttpsTrafficOnly"], true,
             "expected restored casing under properties"
@@ -403,11 +513,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn denormalize_invalid_json_returns_error() {
-        let reg = regorus_alias_registry_new();
-        let aliases = c(ALIASES);
-        let r = regorus_alias_registry_load_json(reg, aliases.as_ptr());
-        assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
-        regorus_result_drop(r);
+        let reg = build_registry_with_json(ALIASES);
 
         let bad = c("not json");
         let api = c("2023-01-01");
@@ -420,11 +526,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn normalize_data_plane_manifest() {
-        let reg = regorus_alias_registry_new();
-        let manifest = c(MANIFEST);
-        let r = regorus_alias_registry_load_manifest(reg, manifest.as_ptr());
-        assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
-        regorus_result_drop(r);
+        let reg = build_registry_with_manifest(MANIFEST);
 
         let resource = c(r#"{
             "type": "Microsoft.KeyVault.Data/vaults/certificates",
@@ -453,7 +555,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn empty_registry_normalize() {
-        let reg = regorus_alias_registry_new();
+        let builder = regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
+        let r = regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(builder);
+        let reg = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusAliasRegistry;
+        regorus_result_drop(r);
+        regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(builder);
+
         let resource = c(r#"{"name": "test", "type": "Unknown/type", "properties": {"foo": 1}}"#);
         let api = c("");
         let ctx = c("{}");
@@ -470,7 +577,6 @@ mod tests {
         regorus_result_drop(r);
 
         let envelope: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).expect("invalid JSON");
-        // Without aliases, properties should still be flattened
         assert_eq!(envelope["resource"]["foo"], 1);
         assert_eq!(envelope["resource"]["name"], "test");
 

bindings/ffi/src/common.rs

@@ -236,6 +236,10 @@ pub(crate) fn to_ref<'a, T>(t: *mut T) -> Result<&'a mut T> {
     unsafe { t.as_mut().ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("null pointer")) }
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn to_shared_ref<'a, T>(t: *const T) -> Result<&'a T> {
+    unsafe { t.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("null pointer")) }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn to_regorus_result(r: Result<()>) -> RegorusResult {
     match r {
         Ok(()) => RegorusResult::ok_void(),

bindings/ffi/src/compile.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
 // Licensed under the MIT License.
-use crate::common::{from_c_str, RegorusResult, RegorusStatus};
+use crate::common::{from_c_str, to_shared_ref, RegorusResult, RegorusStatus};
 use crate::compiled_policy::RegorusCompiledPolicy;
 use crate::panic_guard::with_unwind_guard;
 use alloc::boxed::Box;
@@ -208,6 +208,220 @@ fn convert_c_modules_to_rust(
     Ok(policy_modules)
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Azure Policy JSON compilation
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Compile an Azure Policy JSON policy rule into an RVM program.
+///
+/// Parses the JSON `policyRule` (the `{ "if": ..., "then": ... }` object),
+/// resolves aliases using the provided registry, and compiles the result
+/// into an RVM [`Program`] that can be loaded into a [`RegorusRvm`].
+///
+/// # Parameters
+/// * `registry` - Alias registry handle, or null.
+/// * `policy_rule_json` - JSON string containing the policyRule object
+///
+/// # Null registry behavior
+///
+/// When `registry` is null, compilation proceeds **without alias resolution**.
+/// Field references that correspond to Azure resource provider aliases
+/// (e.g. `Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly`) will
+/// be compiled as raw property paths rather than being resolved to their
+/// short forms.  This means:
+///
+/// - Policies that rely on aliases will **silently produce incorrect
+///   evaluation results** because the field paths won't match the
+///   normalized resource structure.
+/// - **Modify / Append** effect policies will **skip the modifiability
+///   validation** that normally rejects writes to non-modifiable aliases
+///   at compile time.
+///
+/// Pass null only when the policy is known to contain no alias references
+/// (e.g. simple `type` / `location` checks, or in unit-test scenarios).
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// Returns a `RegorusResult` containing a `RegorusProgram` pointer on success.
+///
+/// # Safety
+/// `policy_rule_json` must be a valid null-terminated UTF-8 string.
+/// If `registry` is non-null it must be a valid `RegorusAliasRegistry` pointer.
+/// The caller must eventually call `regorus_program_drop` on the returned handle.
+#[cfg(all(feature = "azure_policy", feature = "rvm"))]
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(
+    registry: *const crate::alias_registry::RegorusAliasRegistry,
+    policy_rule_json: *const c_char,
+) -> RegorusResult {
+    use crate::alias_registry::RegorusAliasRegistry;
+    use crate::rvm::RegorusProgram;
+    use alloc::sync::Arc;
+    use regorus::languages::azure_policy::{compiler, parser};
+    use regorus::Rc;
+    use regorus::Source;
+
+    with_unwind_guard(|| {
+        let result = || -> Result<RegorusProgram, (RegorusStatus, alloc::string::String)> {
+            let json_str = from_c_str(policy_rule_json).map_err(|e| {
+                (
+                    RegorusStatus::InvalidDataFormat,
+                    format!("Invalid policy rule JSON string: {e}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            let source = Source::from_contents("policy_rule".into(), json_str).map_err(|e| {
+                (
+                    RegorusStatus::InvalidDataFormat,
+                    format!("Failed to create source: {e}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            let ast = parser::parse_policy_rule(&source).map_err(|e| {
+                (
+                    RegorusStatus::InvalidPolicy,
+                    format!("Failed to parse policy rule: {e}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            let program = if registry.is_null() {
+                compiler::compile_policy_rule(&ast)
+            } else {
+                let reg: &RegorusAliasRegistry = to_shared_ref(registry).map_err(|e| {
+                    (
+                        RegorusStatus::InvalidArgument,
+                        format!("Invalid alias registry: {e}"),
+                    )
+                })?;
+                compiler::compile_policy_rule_with_aliases(&ast, reg.inner())
+            };
+
+            program
+                .map(|p| RegorusProgram {
+                    program: Arc::new(Rc::try_unwrap(p).unwrap_or_else(|rc| (*rc).clone())),
+                })
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    (
+                        RegorusStatus::CompilationFailed,
+                        format!("Failed to compile policy rule: {e}"),
+                    )
+                })
+        }();
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(program) => {
+                RegorusResult::ok_pointer(Box::into_raw(Box::new(program)) as *mut c_void)
+            }
+            Err((status, msg)) => RegorusResult::err_with_message(status, msg),
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Compile a full Azure Policy definition JSON into an RVM program.
+///
+/// Parses the JSON policy definition (which includes `policyRule`, `parameters`,
+/// `displayName`, etc.), resolves aliases using the provided registry, and
+/// compiles the result into an RVM [`Program`].
+///
+/// The definition JSON may be in either wrapped or unwrapped form:
+/// - **Wrapped**: `{ "properties": { "policyRule": ..., "parameters": ... }, "id": ... }`
+/// - **Unwrapped**: `{ "policyRule": ..., "parameters": ..., "displayName": ... }`
+///
+/// # Parameters
+/// * `registry` - Alias registry handle, or null.
+/// * `policy_definition_json` - JSON string containing the full policy definition
+///
+/// # Null registry behavior
+///
+/// When `registry` is null, compilation proceeds **without alias resolution**.
+/// Field references that correspond to Azure resource provider aliases will
+/// be compiled as raw property paths rather than being resolved.  This means:
+///
+/// - Policies that rely on aliases will **silently produce incorrect
+///   evaluation results**.
+/// - **Modify / Append** effect policies will **skip the modifiability
+///   validation** that normally rejects writes to non-modifiable aliases
+///   at compile time.
+///
+/// Pass null only when the policy is known to contain no alias references
+/// (e.g. simple `type` / `location` checks, or in unit-test scenarios).
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// Returns a `RegorusResult` containing a `RegorusProgram` pointer on success.
+///
+/// # Safety
+/// `policy_definition_json` must be a valid null-terminated UTF-8 string.
+/// If `registry` is non-null it must be a valid `RegorusAliasRegistry` pointer.
+/// The caller must eventually call `regorus_program_drop` on the returned handle.
+#[cfg(all(feature = "azure_policy", feature = "rvm"))]
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_compile_azure_policy_definition(
+    registry: *const crate::alias_registry::RegorusAliasRegistry,
+    policy_definition_json: *const c_char,
+) -> RegorusResult {
+    use crate::alias_registry::RegorusAliasRegistry;
+    use crate::rvm::RegorusProgram;
+    use alloc::sync::Arc;
+    use regorus::languages::azure_policy::{compiler, parser};
+    use regorus::Rc;
+    use regorus::Source;
+
+    with_unwind_guard(|| {
+        let result = || -> Result<RegorusProgram, (RegorusStatus, alloc::string::String)> {
+            let json_str = from_c_str(policy_definition_json).map_err(|e| {
+                (
+                    RegorusStatus::InvalidDataFormat,
+                    format!("Invalid policy definition JSON string: {e}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            let source =
+                Source::from_contents("policy_definition".into(), json_str).map_err(|e| {
+                    (
+                        RegorusStatus::InvalidDataFormat,
+                        format!("Failed to create source: {e}"),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+            let defn = parser::parse_policy_definition(&source).map_err(|e| {
+                (
+                    RegorusStatus::InvalidPolicy,
+                    format!("Failed to parse policy definition: {e}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            let program = if registry.is_null() {
+                compiler::compile_policy_definition(&defn)
+            } else {
+                let reg: &RegorusAliasRegistry = to_shared_ref(registry).map_err(|e| {
+                    (
+                        RegorusStatus::InvalidArgument,
+                        format!("Invalid alias registry: {e}"),
+                    )
+                })?;
+                compiler::compile_policy_definition_with_aliases(&defn, reg.inner())
+            };
+
+            program
+                .map(|p| RegorusProgram {
+                    program: Arc::new(Rc::try_unwrap(p).unwrap_or_else(|rc| (*rc).clone())),
+                })
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    (
+                        RegorusStatus::CompilationFailed,
+                        format!("Failed to compile policy definition: {e}"),
+                    )
+                })
+        }();
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(program) => {
+                RegorusResult::ok_pointer(Box::into_raw(Box::new(program)) as *mut c_void)
+            }
+            Err((status, msg)) => RegorusResult::err_with_message(status, msg),
+        }
+    })
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 fn report_module_error(index: usize, kind: &str, err: &anyhow::Error) {
     eprintln!("Invalid {} at index {}: {}", kind, index, err);
@@ -215,3 +429,402 @@ fn report_module_error(index: usize, kind: &str, err: &anyhow::Error) {
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 fn report_module_error(_index: usize, _kind: &str, _err: &anyhow::Error) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::common::regorus_result_drop;
+    use core::ffi::CStr;
+    use std::ffi::CString;
+
+    fn c(s: &str) -> CString {
+        CString::new(s).expect("CString::new failed")
+    }
+
+    fn assert_ok_pointer(r: &RegorusResult) -> *mut c_void {
+        assert_eq!(
+            r.status,
+            RegorusStatus::Ok,
+            "expected Ok, got {:?}",
+            r.status
+        );
+        assert!(!r.pointer_value.is_null(), "expected non-null pointer");
+        r.pointer_value
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "azure_policy", feature = "rvm"))]
+    mod azure_policy_json {
+        use super::*;
+        use crate::alias_registry::regorus_alias_registry_drop;
+        use crate::rvm::{
+            regorus_program_drop, regorus_rvm_drop, regorus_rvm_execute_entry_point_by_name,
+            regorus_rvm_load_program, regorus_rvm_new, regorus_rvm_set_context,
+            regorus_rvm_set_input, RegorusProgram,
+        };
+
+        const ALIASES: &str = r#"[{
+            "namespace": "Microsoft.Storage",
+            "resourceTypes": [{
+                "resourceType": "storageAccounts",
+                "aliases": [{
+                    "name": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly",
+                    "defaultPath": "properties.supportsHttpsTrafficOnly",
+                    "paths": []
+                }, {
+                    "name": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/minimumTlsVersion",
+                    "defaultPath": "properties.minimumTlsVersion",
+                    "paths": []
+                }]
+            }]
+        }]"#;
+
+        const SIMPLE_POLICY_RULE: &str = r#"{
+            "if": {
+                "field": "type",
+                "equals": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"
+            },
+            "then": { "effect": "audit" }
+        }"#;
+
+        const ALIAS_POLICY_RULE: &str = r#"{
+            "if": {
+                "allOf": [
+                    { "field": "type", "equals": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts" },
+                    { "field": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly", "equals": false }
+                ]
+            },
+            "then": { "effect": "deny" }
+        }"#;
+
+        const POLICY_DEFINITION: &str = r#"{
+            "displayName": "Require HTTPS for storage accounts",
+            "policyType": "Custom",
+            "mode": "Indexed",
+            "parameters": {
+                "effect": {
+                    "type": "String",
+                    "defaultValue": "deny"
+                }
+            },
+            "policyRule": {
+                "if": {
+                    "allOf": [
+                        { "field": "type", "equals": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts" },
+                        { "field": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/supportsHttpsTrafficOnly", "equals": false }
+                    ]
+                },
+                "then": { "effect": "[parameters('effect')]" }
+            }
+        }"#;
+
+        /// Wrap a normalized resource JSON into the input envelope expected by
+        /// the compiled Azure Policy RVM program.
+        fn wrap_input(resource_json: &str, parameters_json: &str) -> String {
+            format!(r#"{{"resource": {resource_json}, "parameters": {parameters_json}}}"#)
+        }
+
+        fn build_registry_with_json(
+            json: &str,
+        ) -> *mut crate::alias_registry::RegorusAliasRegistry {
+            let builder = crate::alias_registry::regorus_alias_registry_builder_new();
+            let json_c = c(json);
+            let r = crate::alias_registry::regorus_alias_registry_builder_load_json(
+                builder,
+                json_c.as_ptr(),
+            );
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            let r = crate::alias_registry::regorus_alias_registry_builder_build(builder);
+            let registry =
+                assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut crate::alias_registry::RegorusAliasRegistry;
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+            crate::alias_registry::regorus_alias_registry_builder_drop(builder);
+            registry
+        }
+
+        /// Helper: compile a policy rule, execute it with input, and return the
+        /// result string.
+        unsafe fn compile_and_eval_rule(
+            registry: *const crate::alias_registry::RegorusAliasRegistry,
+            policy_rule: &str,
+            input_json: &str,
+        ) -> String {
+            let rule_c = c(policy_rule);
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(registry, rule_c.as_ptr());
+            let program_ptr = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusProgram;
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            let vm = regorus_rvm_new();
+            assert!(!vm.is_null());
+
+            let r = regorus_rvm_load_program(vm, program_ptr);
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            let input_c = c(input_json);
+            let r = regorus_rvm_set_input(vm, input_c.as_ptr());
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            let entry = c("main");
+            let r = regorus_rvm_execute_entry_point_by_name(vm, entry.as_ptr());
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok, "execute failed");
+            let output = CStr::from_ptr(r.output)
+                .to_str()
+                .expect("invalid UTF-8")
+                .to_string();
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            regorus_rvm_drop(vm);
+            regorus_program_drop(program_ptr);
+            output
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn compile_simple_rule_no_aliases() {
+            let rule_c = c(SIMPLE_POLICY_RULE);
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(core::ptr::null_mut(), rule_c.as_ptr());
+            let ptr = assert_ok_pointer(&r);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+            regorus_program_drop(ptr as *mut RegorusProgram);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn compile_rule_with_aliases() {
+            let reg = build_registry_with_json(ALIASES);
+
+            let rule_c = c(ALIAS_POLICY_RULE);
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(reg, rule_c.as_ptr());
+            let ptr = assert_ok_pointer(&r);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            regorus_program_drop(ptr as *mut RegorusProgram);
+            regorus_alias_registry_drop(reg);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn compile_and_eval_simple_rule_matching() {
+            let input = wrap_input(r#"{"type":"microsoft.storage/storageaccounts"}"#, "{}");
+            let result =
+                unsafe { compile_and_eval_rule(core::ptr::null_mut(), SIMPLE_POLICY_RULE, &input) };
+            let parsed: serde_json::Value =
+                serde_json::from_str(&result).expect("result should be valid JSON");
+            assert_eq!(
+                parsed["effect"], "audit",
+                "expected audit effect, got: {result}"
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn compile_and_eval_simple_rule_not_matching() {
+            let input = wrap_input(r#"{"type":"microsoft.compute/virtualmachines"}"#, "{}");
+            let result =
+                unsafe { compile_and_eval_rule(core::ptr::null_mut(), SIMPLE_POLICY_RULE, &input) };
+            // When the "if" condition doesn't match, the result should be undefined
+            assert!(
+                result.contains("undefined"),
+                "expected undefined for non-matching input, got: {result}"
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn compile_and_eval_alias_rule_deny() {
+            let reg = build_registry_with_json(ALIASES);
+
+            // Non-compliant resource: HTTPS not enabled (normalized form)
+            let input = wrap_input(
+                r#"{"type": "microsoft.storage/storageaccounts", "supportshttpstrafficonly": false}"#,
+                "{}",
+            );
+            let result = unsafe { compile_and_eval_rule(reg, ALIAS_POLICY_RULE, &input) };
+            let parsed: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&result).expect("valid JSON");
+            assert_eq!(parsed["effect"], "deny", "expected deny, got: {result}");
+
+            regorus_alias_registry_drop(reg);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn compile_and_eval_alias_rule_compliant() {
+            let reg = build_registry_with_json(ALIASES);
+
+            // Compliant resource: HTTPS enabled (normalized form)
+            let input = wrap_input(
+                r#"{"type": "microsoft.storage/storageaccounts", "supportshttpstrafficonly": true}"#,
+                "{}",
+            );
+            let result = unsafe { compile_and_eval_rule(reg, ALIAS_POLICY_RULE, &input) };
+            assert!(
+                result.contains("undefined"),
+                "expected undefined for compliant resource, got: {result}"
+            );
+
+            regorus_alias_registry_drop(reg);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn compile_definition_no_aliases() {
+            let defn_c = c(POLICY_DEFINITION);
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_definition(core::ptr::null_mut(), defn_c.as_ptr());
+            let ptr = assert_ok_pointer(&r);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+            regorus_program_drop(ptr as *mut RegorusProgram);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn compile_definition_with_aliases_and_eval() {
+            let reg = build_registry_with_json(ALIASES);
+
+            let defn_c = c(POLICY_DEFINITION);
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_definition(reg, defn_c.as_ptr());
+            let program_ptr = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusProgram;
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            // Evaluate with a non-compliant resource (normalized form, wrapped in envelope)
+            unsafe {
+                let vm = regorus_rvm_new();
+                let r = regorus_rvm_load_program(vm, program_ptr);
+                assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+                regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+                let input_json = wrap_input(
+                    r#"{"type": "microsoft.storage/storageaccounts", "supportshttpstrafficonly": false}"#,
+                    "{}",
+                );
+                let input = c(&input_json);
+                let r = regorus_rvm_set_input(vm, input.as_ptr());
+                assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+                regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+                let entry = c("main");
+                let r = regorus_rvm_execute_entry_point_by_name(vm, entry.as_ptr());
+                assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+                let result = CStr::from_ptr(r.output)
+                    .to_str()
+                    .expect("UTF-8")
+                    .to_string();
+                regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+                let parsed: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&result).unwrap();
+                // The default parameter value is "deny"
+                assert_eq!(parsed["effect"], "deny", "got: {result}");
+
+                regorus_rvm_drop(vm);
+                regorus_program_drop(program_ptr);
+            }
+
+            regorus_alias_registry_drop(reg);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn invalid_json_returns_error() {
+            let bad = c("not valid json");
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(core::ptr::null_mut(), bad.as_ptr());
+            assert_ne!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn invalid_definition_returns_error() {
+            let bad = c(r#"{"not": "a policy definition"}"#);
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_definition(core::ptr::null_mut(), bad.as_ptr());
+            assert_ne!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+        }
+
+        /// Policy rule that uses a context function (subscription()).
+        const CONTEXT_POLICY_RULE: &str = r#"{
+            "if": {
+                "allOf": [
+                    { "field": "type", "equals": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts" },
+                    { "value": "[subscription().subscriptionId]", "equals": "sub-123" }
+                ]
+            },
+            "then": { "effect": "deny" }
+        }"#;
+
+        #[test]
+        fn context_policy_evaluates_with_set_context() {
+            let rule_c = c(CONTEXT_POLICY_RULE);
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(core::ptr::null_mut(), rule_c.as_ptr());
+            let program = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusProgram;
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            let vm = regorus_rvm_new();
+            assert!(!vm.is_null());
+
+            let r = regorus_rvm_load_program(vm, program);
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            // Set the context with subscription info
+            let context = c(r#"{"subscription": {"subscriptionId": "sub-123"}}"#);
+            let r = regorus_rvm_set_context(vm, context.as_ptr());
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            // Set matching input
+            let input = c(&wrap_input(
+                r#"{"type": "microsoft.storage/storageaccounts"}"#,
+                "{}",
+            ));
+            let r = regorus_rvm_set_input(vm, input.as_ptr());
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            let entry = c("main");
+            let r = regorus_rvm_execute_entry_point_by_name(vm, entry.as_ptr());
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            let output = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(r.output) }.to_str().unwrap();
+            assert!(
+                output.contains("deny"),
+                "expected deny effect with matching context, got: {output}"
+            );
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            regorus_rvm_drop(vm);
+            regorus_program_drop(program);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn context_policy_undefined_without_context() {
+            let rule_c = c(CONTEXT_POLICY_RULE);
+            let r = regorus_compile_azure_policy_rule(core::ptr::null_mut(), rule_c.as_ptr());
+            let program = assert_ok_pointer(&r) as *mut RegorusProgram;
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            let vm = regorus_rvm_new();
+            assert!(!vm.is_null());
+
+            let r = regorus_rvm_load_program(vm, program);
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            // No context set — subscription() will be undefined
+            let input = c(&wrap_input(
+                r#"{"type": "microsoft.storage/storageaccounts"}"#,
+                "{}",
+            ));
+            let r = regorus_rvm_set_input(vm, input.as_ptr());
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            let entry = c("main");
+            let r = regorus_rvm_execute_entry_point_by_name(vm, entry.as_ptr());
+            assert_eq!(r.status, RegorusStatus::Ok);
+            let output = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(r.output) }.to_str().unwrap();
+            assert!(
+                output.contains("undefined"),
+                "expected undefined without context, got: {output}"
+            );
+            regorus_result_drop(r);
+
+            regorus_rvm_drop(vm);
+            regorus_program_drop(program);
+        }
+    }
+}

bindings/ffi/src/compiled_policy.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_compiled_policy_eval_with_input(
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
             let input_value = regorus::Value::from_json_str(&from_c_str(input)?)?;
-            let result = to_ref(compiled_policy)?
+            let result = to_shared_ref(compiled_policy as *const RegorusCompiledPolicy)?
                 .compiled_policy
                 .eval_with_input(input_value)?;
             result.to_json_str()
@@ -65,7 +65,9 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_compiled_policy_get_policy_info(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let info = to_ref(compiled_policy)?.compiled_policy.get_policy_info()?;
+            let info = to_shared_ref(compiled_policy as *const RegorusCompiledPolicy)?
+                .compiled_policy
+                .get_policy_info()?;
             serde_json::to_string(&info)
                 .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to serialize policy info: {}", e))
         }();

bindings/ffi/src/engine.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Licensed under the MIT License.
 
 use crate::common::{
-    from_c_str, to_ref, to_regorus_result, to_regorus_string_result, RegorusResult, RegorusStatus,
+    from_c_str, to_ref, to_regorus_result, to_regorus_string_result, to_shared_ref, RegorusResult,
+    RegorusStatus,
 };
 use crate::compiled_policy::RegorusCompiledPolicy;
 use crate::limits::RegorusExecutionTimerConfig;
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_new() -> *mut RegorusEngine {
 ///
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_clone(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> *mut RegorusEngine {
-    match to_ref(engine) {
+    match to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine) {
         Ok(e) => Box::into_raw(Box::new(e.clone())),
         _ => ptr::null_mut(),
     }
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_add_policy(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_string_result(|| -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.add_policy(from_c_str(path)?, from_c_str(rego)?)
         }())
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_add_policy_from_file(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_string_result(|| -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.add_policy_from_file(from_c_str(path)?)
         }())
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_add_data_json(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.add_data(regorus::Value::from_json_str(&from_c_str(data)?)?)
         }())
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_add_data_json(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_packages(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_string_result(|| -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let guard = engine.try_read()?;
             serde_json::to_string_pretty(&guard.get_packages()?).map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
         }())
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_packages(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> Reg
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_policies(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_string_result(|| -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let guard = engine.try_read()?;
             guard.get_policies_as_json()
         }())
@@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_add_data_from_json_file(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.add_data(regorus::Value::from_json_file(from_c_str(path)?)?)
         }())
@@ -313,7 +314,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_add_data_from_json_file(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_clear_data(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.clear_data();
             Ok(())
@@ -332,7 +333,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_input_json(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.set_input(regorus::Value::from_json_str(&from_c_str(input)?)?);
             Ok(())
@@ -348,7 +349,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_input_from_json_file(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.set_input(regorus::Value::from_json_file(from_c_str(path)?)?);
             Ok(())
@@ -367,7 +368,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_eval_query(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             let results = guard.eval_query(from_c_str(query)?, false)?;
             Ok(serde_json::to_string_pretty(&results)?)
@@ -390,7 +391,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_eval_rule(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.eval_rule(from_c_str(rule)?)?.to_json_str()
         }();
@@ -413,7 +414,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_enable_coverage(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.set_enable_coverage(enable);
             Ok(())
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_enable_coverage(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_coverage_report(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let guard = engine.try_read()?;
             Ok(serde_json::to_string_pretty(&guard.get_coverage_report()?)?)
         }();
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_strict_builtin_errors(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.set_strict_builtin_errors(strict);
             Ok(())
@@ -465,18 +466,20 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_execution_timer_config(
     engine: *mut RegorusEngine,
     config: *const RegorusExecutionTimerConfig,
 ) -> RegorusResult {
-    to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-        let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
-        let config = unsafe {
-            config
-                .as_ref()
-                .copied()
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("execution timer config pointer is null"))?
-        };
-        let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
-        guard.set_execution_timer_config(config.to_execution_timer_config()?);
-        Ok(())
-    }())
+    with_unwind_guard(|| {
+        to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
+            let config = unsafe {
+                config
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .copied()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("execution timer config pointer is null"))?
+            };
+            let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
+            guard.set_execution_timer_config(config.to_execution_timer_config()?);
+            Ok(())
+        }())
+    })
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
@@ -484,12 +487,14 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_execution_timer_config(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_clear_execution_timer_config(
     engine: *mut RegorusEngine,
 ) -> RegorusResult {
-    to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-        let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
-        let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
-        guard.clear_execution_timer_config();
-        Ok(())
-    }())
+    with_unwind_guard(|| {
+        to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
+            let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
+            guard.clear_execution_timer_config();
+            Ok(())
+        }())
+    })
 }
 
 /// Set the policy length limits used when loading policies.
@@ -500,7 +505,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_policy_length_config(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.set_policy_length_config(config.to_policy_length_config()?);
             Ok(())
@@ -515,7 +520,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_clear_policy_length_config(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.clear_policy_length_config();
             Ok(())
@@ -533,7 +538,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_coverage_report_pretty(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let guard = engine.try_read()?;
             guard.get_coverage_report()?.to_string_pretty()
         }();
@@ -552,7 +557,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_coverage_report_pretty(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_clear_coverage_data(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.clear_coverage_data();
             Ok(())
@@ -571,7 +576,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_gather_prints(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.set_gather_prints(enable);
             Ok(())
@@ -586,7 +591,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_gather_prints(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_take_prints(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             Ok(serde_json::to_string_pretty(&guard.take_prints()?)?)
         }();
@@ -605,7 +610,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_take_prints(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> Rego
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_ast_as_json(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let guard = engine.try_read()?;
             guard.get_ast_as_json()
         }();
@@ -626,7 +631,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_policy_package_names(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let guard = engine.try_read()?;
             serde_json::to_string_pretty(&guard.get_policy_package_names()?)
                 .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
@@ -648,7 +653,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_get_policy_parameters(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let guard = engine.try_read()?;
             serde_json::to_string_pretty(&guard.get_policy_parameters()?)
                 .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
@@ -670,7 +675,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_rego_v0(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<()> {
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             guard.set_rego_v0(enable);
             Ok(())
@@ -692,7 +697,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_set_rego_v0(
 #[cfg(feature = "azure_policy")]
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_compile_for_target(engine: *mut RegorusEngine) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
-        let engine = match to_ref(engine) {
+        let engine = match to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine) {
             Ok(engine) => engine,
             Err(e) => {
                 return RegorusResult::err_with_message(
@@ -741,7 +746,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_compile_with_entrypoint(
         let result = || -> Result<RegorusCompiledPolicy> {
             let rule_str = from_c_str(rule)?;
             let rule_rc: regorus::Rc<str> = rule_str.into();
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             let compiled_policy = guard.compile_with_entrypoint(&rule_rc)?;
             Ok(RegorusCompiledPolicy { compiled_policy })
@@ -800,7 +805,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_engine_compile_program_with_entrypoints(
                 .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("entry_points must contain at least one entry"))?;
             let rule_rc: regorus::Rc<str> = (*rule).into();
 
-            let engine = to_ref(engine)?;
+            let engine = to_shared_ref(engine as *const RegorusEngine)?;
             let mut guard = engine.try_write()?;
             let compiled_policy = guard.compile_with_entrypoint(&rule_rc)?;
 

bindings/ffi/src/rvm.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Licensed under the MIT License.
 
 use crate::common::{
-    from_c_str, to_ref, to_regorus_result, RegorusBuffer, RegorusResult, RegorusStatus,
+    from_c_str, to_ref, to_regorus_result, to_shared_ref, RegorusBuffer, RegorusResult,
+    RegorusStatus,
 };
 use crate::compile::RegorusPolicyModule;
 use crate::compiled_policy::RegorusCompiledPolicy;
@@ -106,7 +107,8 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_program_compile_from_policy(
 
             let entry_points_ref: Vec<&str> = entry_points_vec.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
 
-            let compiled_policy = &to_ref(compiled_policy)?.compiled_policy;
+            let compiled_policy =
+                &to_shared_ref(compiled_policy as *const RegorusCompiledPolicy)?.compiled_policy;
             let program = Compiler::compile_from_policy(compiled_policy, &entry_points_ref)?;
             Ok(Box::into_raw(Box::new(RegorusProgram { program })))
         }();
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_program_new() -> *mut RegorusProgram {
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_program_serialize_binary(program: *mut RegorusProgram) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<*mut RegorusBuffer> {
-            let program = &to_ref(program)?.program;
+            let program = &to_shared_ref(program as *const RegorusProgram)?.program;
             let bytes = program.serialize_binary().map_err(|e| anyhow!(e))?;
             Ok(RegorusBuffer::from_vec(bytes))
         }();
@@ -211,7 +213,10 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_program_deserialize_binary(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<(*mut RegorusProgram, bool)> {
-            if data.is_null() && len > 0 {
+            if data.is_null() {
+                if len > 0 {
+                    return Err(anyhow!("null data pointer with non-zero length"));
+                }
                 return Err(anyhow!("null data pointer"));
             }
             let data = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(data, len) };
@@ -249,7 +254,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_program_deserialize_binary(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_program_generate_listing(program: *mut RegorusProgram) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let program = &to_ref(program)?.program;
+            let program = &to_shared_ref(program as *const RegorusProgram)?.program;
             Ok(generate_assembly_listing(
                 program,
                 &AssemblyListingConfig::default(),
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_program_generate_tabular_listing(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let program = &to_ref(program)?.program;
+            let program = &to_shared_ref(program as *const RegorusProgram)?.program;
             Ok(generate_tabular_assembly_listing(
                 program,
                 &AssemblyListingConfig::default(),
@@ -297,7 +302,9 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_new_with_policy(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<*mut RegorusRvm> {
-            let policy = to_ref(compiled_policy)?.compiled_policy.clone();
+            let policy = to_shared_ref(compiled_policy as *const RegorusCompiledPolicy)?
+                .compiled_policy
+                .clone();
             Ok(Box::into_raw(Box::new(RegorusRvm::new(
                 RegoVM::new_with_policy(policy),
             ))))
@@ -318,9 +325,11 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_load_program(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
-            let program = to_ref(program)?.program.clone();
+            let program = to_shared_ref(program as *const RegorusProgram)?
+                .program
+                .clone();
             guard.load_program(program);
             Ok(())
         }())
@@ -332,7 +341,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_load_program(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_data(vm: *mut RegorusRvm, data: *const c_char) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             let data_value = Value::from_json_str(&from_c_str(data)?)?;
             guard.set_data(data_value)?;
@@ -349,7 +358,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_input(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             let input_value = Value::from_json_str(&from_c_str(input)?)?;
             guard.set_input(input_value);
@@ -358,6 +367,33 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_input(
     })
 }
 
+/// Set the VM context document from JSON.
+///
+/// The context provides host-supplied ambient data (e.g. `resourceGroup()`,
+/// `subscription()`) that Azure Policy functions can access via `LoadContext`
+/// instructions. This must be called before `regorus_rvm_execute` when
+/// evaluating policies that reference context functions.
+///
+/// # Safety
+/// - `vm` must be a valid pointer to a `RegorusRvm` created by `regorus_rvm_new`.
+/// - `context_json` must be a valid null-terminated UTF-8 string.
+#[cfg(feature = "azure_policy")]
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_context(
+    vm: *mut RegorusRvm,
+    context_json: *const c_char,
+) -> RegorusResult {
+    with_unwind_guard(|| {
+        to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
+            let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
+            let context_value = Value::from_json_str(&from_c_str(context_json)?)?;
+            guard.set_context(context_value);
+            Ok(())
+        }())
+    })
+}
+
 /// Set the maximum number of instructions that can execute.
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_max_instructions(
@@ -366,7 +402,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_max_instructions(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             guard.set_max_instructions(max_instructions);
             Ok(())
@@ -382,7 +418,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_strict_builtin_errors(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             guard.set_strict_builtin_errors(strict);
             Ok(())
@@ -395,7 +431,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_strict_builtin_errors(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_execution_mode(vm: *mut RegorusRvm, mode: u8) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             let mode = match mode {
                 0 => ExecutionMode::RunToCompletion,
@@ -413,7 +449,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_execution_mode(vm: *mut RegorusRvm, mode: u8)
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_step_mode(vm: *mut RegorusRvm, enabled: bool) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             guard.set_step_mode(enabled);
             Ok(())
@@ -430,7 +466,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_execution_timer_config(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         to_regorus_result(|| -> Result<()> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             if has_config {
                 guard.set_execution_timer_config(Some(config.to_execution_timer_config()?));
@@ -447,7 +483,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_set_execution_timer_config(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_execute(vm: *mut RegorusRvm) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             let result = guard.execute()?;
             result.to_json_str()
@@ -468,7 +504,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_execute_entry_point_by_name(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             let name = from_c_str(entry_point)?;
             let result = guard.execute_entry_point_by_name(&name)?;
@@ -490,7 +526,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_execute_entry_point_by_index(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             let result = guard.execute_entry_point_by_index(index)?;
             result.to_json_str()
@@ -512,7 +548,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_resume(
 ) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let mut guard = vm.try_write()?;
             let value = if has_value {
                 Some(Value::from_json_str(&from_c_str(resume_value_json)?)?)
@@ -535,7 +571,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_resume(
 pub extern "C" fn regorus_rvm_get_execution_state(vm: *mut RegorusRvm) -> RegorusResult {
     with_unwind_guard(|| {
         let output = || -> Result<String> {
-            let vm = to_ref(vm)?;
+            let vm = to_shared_ref(vm as *const RegorusRvm)?;
             let guard = vm.try_read()?;
             let state: ExecutionState = guard.execution_state().clone();
             Ok(format!("{:?}", state))

bindings/java/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 [package]
 name = "regorus-java"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.11.0"
 edition = "2021"
 repository = "https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/bindings/java"
 description = "Java bindings for Regorus - a fast, lightweight Rego interpreter written in Rust"
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ cache = ["regorus/cache"]
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0"
-serde_json = "1.0.112"
+serde_json = "1.0.150"
 jni = "0.22.4"
 regorus = { path  = "../..", default-features = false, features = ["arc", "rvm"] }

bindings/java/pom.xml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
   <groupId>com.microsoft.regorus</groupId>
   <artifactId>regorus-java</artifactId>
-  <version>0.9.1</version>
+  <version>0.11.0</version>
 
   <name>Regorus Java</name>
   <description>Java bindings for Regorus - a fast, lightweight Rego interpreter written in Rust</description>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 
       <plugin>
         <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-        <version>3.5.5</version>
+        <version>3.5.6</version>
         <configuration>
           <!-- Add debug build to Java path, so it's discoverable by JVM. This is only for tests. -->
           <argLine>-Djava.library.path=${project.basedir}/target/debug:${java.library.path}</argLine>

bindings/java/src/lib.rs

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn Java_com_microsoft_regorus_Program_nativeCompileFromModul
         }
 
         let mut modules = Vec::with_capacity(ids.len());
-        for (id, content) in ids.into_iter().zip(contents.into_iter()) {
+        for (id, content) in ids.into_iter().zip(contents) {
             modules.push(PolicyModule {
                 id: Rc::from(id.as_str()),
                 content: Rc::from(content.as_str()),

bindings/python/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 [package]
 name = "regoruspy"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.11.0"
 edition = "2021"
 repository = "https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/bindings/python"
 description = "Python bindings for Regorus - a fast, lightweight Rego interpreter written in Rust"
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ coverage = ["regorus/coverage"]
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0"
 ordered-float = "5.3.0"
-pyo3 = { version = "0.28.3", features = ["abi3-py310", "anyhow", "extension-module"] }
+pyo3 = { version = "0.29.0", features = ["abi3-py310", "anyhow", "extension-module"] }
 regorus = { path  = "../..", default-features = false, features = ["arc", "rvm"] }
-serde_json = "1.0.140"
+serde_json = "1.0.150"
 

bindings/python/pyproject.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [build-system]
-requires = ["maturin>=1.4,<2.0"]
+requires = ["maturin>=1.14.1,<2.0"]
 build-backend = "maturin"
 
 [project]

bindings/ruby/Gemfile

@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ gem "minitest", "~> 6.0"
 gem "rake", "~> 13.4"
 gem "rake-compiler", "~> 1.3"
 gem "rake-compiler-dock", "~> 1.12"
-gem "rubocop", "~> 1.86", require: false
-gem "rubocop-minitest", "~> 0.39.1", require: false
+gem "rubocop", "~> 1.88", require: false
+gem "rubocop-minitest", "~> 0.40.0", require: false
 gem "rubocop-rake", "~> 0.7.1", require: false

bindings/ruby/Gemfile.lock

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ GEM
   specs:
     ast (2.4.3)
     drb (2.2.3)
-    json (2.19.4)
-    language_server-protocol (3.17.0.5)
+    json (2.21.1)
+    language_server-protocol (3.17.0.6)
     lint_roller (1.1.0)
-    minitest (6.0.5)
+    minitest (6.0.6)
       drb (~> 2.0)
       prism (~> 1.5)
     parallel (2.1.0)
-    parser (3.3.11.1)
+    parser (3.3.12.0)
       ast (~> 2.4.1)
       racc
     prism (1.9.0)
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ GEM
     rake-compiler (1.3.1)
       rake
     rake-compiler-dock (1.12.0)
-    rb_sys (0.9.127)
+    rb_sys (0.9.128)
       rake-compiler-dock (= 1.12.0)
     regexp_parser (2.12.0)
-    rubocop (1.86.1)
+    rubocop (1.88.2)
       json (~> 2.3)
       language_server-protocol (~> 3.17.0.2)
       lint_roller (~> 1.1.0)
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ GEM
       rubocop-ast (>= 1.49.0, < 2.0)
       ruby-progressbar (~> 1.7)
       unicode-display_width (>= 2.4.0, < 4.0)
-    rubocop-ast (1.49.1)
+    rubocop-ast (1.50.0)
       parser (>= 3.3.7.2)
       prism (~> 1.7)
-    rubocop-minitest (0.39.1)
+    rubocop-minitest (0.40.0)
       lint_roller (~> 1.1)
       rubocop (>= 1.75.0, < 2.0)
       rubocop-ast (>= 1.38.0, < 2.0)
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   rake-compiler (~> 1.3)
   rake-compiler-dock (~> 1.12)
   regorusrb!
-  rubocop (~> 1.86)
-  rubocop-minitest (~> 0.39.1)
+  rubocop (~> 1.88)
+  rubocop-minitest (~> 0.40.0)
   rubocop-rake (~> 0.7.1)
 
 BUNDLED WITH

bindings/ruby/ext/regorusrb/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "regorusrb"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.11.0"
 edition = "2024"
 description = "Ruby bindings for Regorus - a fast, lightweight Rego interpreter written in Rust"
 license = "MIT AND Apache-2.0 AND BSD-3-Clause"

bindings/ruby/lib/regorus/version.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Regorus
-  VERSION = "0.9.1"
+  VERSION = "0.11.0"
 end

bindings/wasm/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 [package]
 name = "regorusjs"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.11.0"
 edition = "2021"
 repository = "https://github.com/microsoft/regorus/bindings/wasm"
 description = "WASM bindings for Regorus - a fast, lightweight Rego interpreter written in Rust"
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ coverage = ["regorus/coverage"]
 [dependencies]
 regorus = { path  = "../..", default-features = false, features = ["arc", "rvm"] }
 serde = { version = "1.0.219", features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json = "1.0.140"
+serde_json = "1.0.150"
 wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 serde-wasm-bindgen = "0.6"
 # Specify uuid as a mandatory dependency so as to enable `js` feature which is now required
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ getrandom03 = { package = "getrandom", version = "0.3.1", features = ["std", "wa
 getrandom = { version = "0.4.2", features = ["wasm_js"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-wasm-bindgen-test = "0.3.67"
+wasm-bindgen-test = "0.3.72"
 
 [lints.rust]
 unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ['cfg(wasm_bindgen_unstable_test_coverage)'] }

docs/rvm/architecture.md

@@ -254,7 +254,13 @@ include formatted state snapshots where possible.
 7. **Host await**: In run-to-completion mode, `HostAwait` consumes a response
    from `host_await_responses`. Suspendable mode yields control with a
    `SuspendReason::HostAwait { dest, argument, identifier }` that the host must
-   service.
+   service. The compiler supports two ways to emit `HostAwait`:
+   - **Explicit**: `__builtin_host_await(payload, identifier)` — raw 2-argument
+     form.
+   - **Registered**: `compile_from_policy_with_host_await` accepts a list of
+     `(name, arg_count)` pairs. Calls to registered names are compiled as
+     `HostAwait` with the function name as the identifier literal. Registered
+     names take precedence over user-defined functions and standard builtins.
 8. **Completion**: `Return` wraps the selected register value into
    `InstructionOutcome::Return`, unwinding frames until the entry frame is
    cleared. `RuleReturn` is a specialised variant used by rule execution

docs/rvm/instruction-set.md

@@ -177,6 +177,75 @@ Parameter tables:
 - Suspendable: emits `InstructionOutcome::Suspend` with `SuspendReason::HostAwait`.
   The host must resume with a value that will be written into `dest`.
 
+### Registered host-await builtins
+
+The compiler can be configured with a list of function names that map directly
+to `HostAwait` instructions. This allows policy authors to write natural
+function calls (e.g. `lookup(input.account_id)`) instead of the raw
+`__builtin_host_await(payload, identifier)` builtin.
+
+Registration is done at compile time via `Compiler::compile_from_policy_with_host_await`:
+
+```rust
+let builtins = [("lookup", 1), ("persist", 1)];
+let program = Compiler::compile_from_policy_with_host_await(
+    &compiled_policy, &entry_points, &builtins,
+)?;
+```
+
+Each registered name is a `(name, arg_count)` pair. When the compiler
+encounters a call to a registered name, it emits a `HostAwait` instruction
+with:
+- `arg` = the first argument register
+- `id` = a register loaded with a string literal containing the function name
+
+Both the explicit `__builtin_host_await(arg, id)` call and a registered
+builtin call produce the **same `HostAwait` bytecode instruction**. The only
+difference is how the `id` register is populated: explicit calls take it from
+the second user-supplied argument, while registered calls auto-generate a
+`Load` instruction for the function name string. The VM cannot distinguish
+between the two at runtime.
+
+**Resolution order** in `determine_call_target()`:
+1. `__builtin_host_await` (magic 2-argument form)
+2. Registered host-await builtins (matched by **bare** function name only)
+3. User-defined functions (matched by package-qualified path)
+4. Standard builtins (matched by bare function name)
+
+Registered names shadow both user-defined functions and standard builtins.
+This means `time.parse_duration_ns` can be overridden to route through the
+host instead of the built-in Rust implementation.
+
+**Only unqualified calls are intercepted.** Registration matches a call by
+the name *as written in the policy*. A bare call — `lookup(x)` — is
+intercepted and compiled to a `HostAwait`. A package-qualified call —
+`data.pkg.lookup(x)` — is **not** intercepted; it is resolved normally, as
+if the name were never registered.
+
+```rego
+# "lookup" is registered as a host-await builtin.
+
+package other
+import rego.v1
+lookup(k) := k            # an ordinary rule that happens to share the name
+
+package demo
+import rego.v1
+a := lookup(input.k)             # intercepted     -> HostAwait
+b := data.other.lookup(input.k)  # NOT intercepted -> calls other.lookup
+```
+
+The qualified form is resolved exactly as it would be without registration:
+if a rule exists at that path it is called, otherwise compilation fails with
+`Unknown function`. (A standard builtin like `count` has no qualified form at
+all, so `data.pkg.count(x)` is always an `Unknown function` error, registered
+or not.)
+
+**Argument handling**: The `HostAwait` instruction carries a single `arg`
+register. Registered builtins must use `arg_count: 1`; the compiler rejects
+`arg_count > 1` at registration time. To pass multiple values, use object
+packing: `lookup({"user": x, "resource": y})`.
+
 ---
 
 ## Halt instruction

docs/value/object.md

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# Object
+
+Opaque container for `Value::Object`'s key→value storage, enabling
+alternative backends without call-site changes.
+
+## Design
+
+`Object` wraps the storage for a key→value collection of `Value`s and
+provides a curated set of methods (`get`, `insert`, `remove`, `iter`,
+`iter_sorted`, `cursor`, serde). The backing store is private; callers
+never see or pattern-match on it, so the representation can change
+without rippling through call sites.
+
+Multiple backends can coexist at runtime. Because the backing store is
+private, different `Object` instances in the same process can use
+different implementations — e.g., a lazy DB-backed object for `input`,
+inline small-map objects for SARIF location records, and a regular
+sorted map elsewhere — all interoperating through the same opaque
+type. This is stronger than the typical Cargo-feature-selected backend
+seen in precedent crates.
+
+Iteration is split intentionally. `iter()` makes no ordering promise,
+which lets backends that don't keep entries sorted skip any sort work.
+`iter_sorted()` returns entries in `Value` order and is what
+serialization and `Ord` rely on for deterministic output. Cursor types
+add resumable, incremental traversal for the RVM iteration state
+without leaking iterator internals.
+
+`Ord` and `PartialOrd` are defined against `iter_sorted()` rather than
+derived from the storage. Two `Object`s built on different backends —
+or with different insertion histories — compare equal whenever their
+sorted entries match, so changing the backend never changes observable
+comparison results.
+
+## Precedents
+
+Other crates that hide storage behind a stable API so the implementation
+can change without breaking callers:
+
+- **`serde_json::Map`** — opaque newtype allowing cargo-feature based
+  swap between `BTreeMap` (canonical order) and `IndexMap` (insertion
+  order).
+- **`toml::Table`** — opaque newtype allowing cargo-feature based swap
+  between `BTreeMap` and `IndexMap`.
+- **`simdjson` DOM** — opaque tree that lazily materializes nodes on
+  access instead of parsing the whole document up front.
+
+## Use cases
+
+- **SARIF small-object pressure** — SARIF reports contain millions of
+  small objects (location records, rule references, message arguments),
+  most with 2-5 keys. A small-map-optimized backend (inline storage
+  for ≤N entries, heap above) eliminates per-object BTreeMap allocation
+  for the common case.
+
+- **Kubernetes admission policies** — large, deeply-nested resource
+  objects (Pod specs, CRDs) where policies typically touch a handful
+  of paths. A lazy-materializing backend (`LazyObjectProvider` over
+  the incoming JSON) parses only the accessed subtrees.
+
+- **Azure Policy aliases** — ARM exposes the same logical property
+  under multiple aliases (e.g. paths like
+  `Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/storageProfile.osDisk.managedDisk.id`).
+  An alias-aware backend resolves lookups across canonical and alias
+  forms without rewriting every policy.
+
+- **Azure Policy case-insensitive compare** — ARM property names are
+  case-preserving but case-insensitive on lookup (`tags.Environment`
+  and `tags.environment` resolve identically). A case-insensitive
+  backend centralizes this once at the storage layer instead of at
+  every comparison site.
+
+- **External data sources** — `input` or `data` backed by a database
+  query, CBOR slice, REST endpoint, or other streaming source via a
+  `LazyObjectProvider`. Entries materialize on demand; the policy
+  only pays for what it touches.
+
+- **Eval-time temporaries** — objects constructed during evaluation
+  (comprehensions, intermediate rule results) on a bumpalo arena.
+  The whole arena drops at query end with zero per-entry free cost.
+
+- **Host-language interop** — Python dicts or JS objects accessed via
+  FFI callbacks from the embedding application, without copying into
+  Rust on every binding boundary.

docs/value/set.md

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# Set
+
+Opaque container for `Value::Set`'s element storage, enabling alternative
+backends without call-site changes. Pairs with [`Object`](object.md) under
+a shared design philosophy.
+
+## Design
+
+`Set` wraps a `BTreeSet<Value>` today but exposes only a curated method
+surface (`contains`, `insert`, `remove`, `iter`, `iter_sorted`, `cursor`,
+`is_subset`, `intersection`, `union`, `difference`, serde). The inner set is
+private — callers cannot pattern-match it or hand out references to the
+backing store, so the backend can change without churn at the ~400 call
+sites that name `Set`.
+
+Two iteration methods reflect a real distinction: `iter()` makes no
+ordering promise (lets future hash/lazy backends skip sorting work);
+`iter_sorted()` guarantees deterministic order (used by serialization and
+`Ord`). Cursor types support incremental traversal needed by the RVM
+iteration state without exposing iterator internals.
+
+`Ord` is hand-written against `iter_sorted` rather than derived, so two
+backends that store elements differently still compare equal when their
+sorted contents match.
+
+## Scenarios enabled
+
+- **Hash-backed storage** — `FxHashSet`-backed inner turns O(log n)
+  membership checks into O(1); swap in for policies where elements aren't
+  compared ordinally.
+- **Lazy/streaming** — wrap a `LazySetProvider` (DB query, CBOR slice,
+  REST endpoint) and materialize elements on demand.
+- **Arena allocation** — bumpalo-backed inner for eval-time temporaries;
+  drop the whole arena at query end with zero per-element free cost.
+- **FFI-backed** — host-language collections (Python set, JS Set) without
+  copying into Rust.
+- **Bloom-filter pre-check** — front a large backing set with a Bloom
+  filter for fast negative-membership tests on read-mostly allowlists.
+
+## Known use cases
+
+- **Azure Policy allowed-values lists** — large allowlists (allowed
+  regions, allowed SKUs, allowed image publishers) compared against
+  single resource values. Hash-backed Set turns O(log n) membership
+  checks into O(1).
+- **SARIF rule deduplication** — collapsing duplicate rule references
+  across thousands of result records. Set-of-objects with structural
+  hashing avoids the BTreeSet sort cost on every insert.
+- **RBAC role membership** — checking whether a principal belongs to any
+  of dozens of role groups. Hash-backed Set scales to thousands of
+  members with constant-time membership.
+- **Azure Policy denied-resource-type sets** — exclusion lists used by
+  deny-effect policies; same hash-backed pattern as allowed-values.
+
+## Precedents
+
+- **`indexmap::IndexSet`** — opaque newtype that pairs hash lookup with
+  insertion-order iteration; precedent for "Set with alternative
+  ordering semantics behind a stable surface."
+- **`hashbrown::HashSet`** — backs Rust's `std::collections::HashSet`
+  and demonstrates a fully swappable backend behind a stable API.
+- **`roaring::RoaringBitmap`** — bitmap-backed integer set. Not
+  applicable to `Value` keys directly, but a precedent for the broader
+  idea of "Set with alternative storage representations chosen by
+  workload shape."
+- **`serde_json`** — note that `serde_json` has no Set equivalent: its
+  Value enum collapses sets into arrays. Regorus's first-class Set with
+  storage abstraction is therefore unusually well-positioned among JSON
+  value libraries.
+
+## Notes
+
+Cursor types are `pub` (referenced by public `IterationState`) but not
+re-exported at the crate root. The crate-internal `Set`/`Map`/`MapEntry`
+aliases for `BTreeSet`/`BTreeMap` in `lib.rs` were renamed to
+`MapSet`/`Map`/`MapEntry` when this type landed, to free the `Set` name
+for the new public type. Future Array and String abstractions follow the
+same shape — see `docs/value/array.md` and `docs/value/string.md` when
+they land.

examples/regorus/azure_policy.rs

@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ use regorus::languages::azure_policy::aliases::AliasRegistry;
 use regorus::languages::azure_policy::compiler;
 use regorus::languages::azure_policy::parser;
 use regorus::rvm::RegoVM;
-use regorus::Source;
-use regorus::Value;
+use regorus::{Rc, Source, Value};
 
 /// Evaluate an Azure Policy definition against a resource.
 ///
@@ -60,11 +59,8 @@ pub fn azure_policy_eval(
     println!("Parsed policy definition from {policy_definition}");
 
     // 3. Compile to RVM bytecode.
-    let program = compiler::compile_policy_definition_with_aliases(
-        &defn,
-        registry.alias_map(),
-        registry.alias_modifiable_map(),
-    )?;
+    let registry = Rc::new(registry);
+    let program = compiler::compile_policy_definition_with_aliases(&defn, Rc::clone(&registry))?;
     println!("Compiled policy to RVM bytecode");
 
     // 4. Build normalized input.
@@ -138,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn azure_policy_aliases(aliases: String, resource_type: Option<String>) -> R
     if let Some(ref rt) = resource_type {
         let rt_lower = rt.to_lowercase();
         let mut found = false;
-        for (alias_name, _) in registry.alias_map() {
+        for alias_name in registry.alias_map().keys() {
             if alias_name.to_lowercase().starts_with(&rt_lower) {
                 println!("  {alias_name}");
                 found = true;
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ pub fn azure_policy_aliases(aliases: String, resource_type: Option<String>) -> R
             bail!("no aliases found for resource type '{rt}'");
         }
     } else {
-        for (alias_name, _) in registry.alias_map() {
+        for alias_name in registry.alias_map().keys() {
             println!("  {alias_name}");
         }
     }

mimalloc/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name = "regorus-mimalloc"
 description = "Vendored mimalloc allocator for regorus"
 edition = "2021"
-version = "2.2.6"
+version = "2.2.7"
 license = "MIT"
 repository = "https://github.com/microsoft/regorus"
 

src/builtins/azure_policy/helpers.rs

@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ pub fn resolve_path(root: &Value, path: &str) -> Value {
         match &current {
             Value::Object(map) => {
                 let mut next = None;
-                for (key, value) in map.iter() {
+                for (key, value) in map.iter_sorted() {
                     if let Value::String(ref key_str) = *key {
                         if strings::keys::eq(key_str, &segment) {
                             next = Some(value.clone());

src/builtins/azure_policy/template_functions_collection.rs

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 use crate::ast::{Expr, Ref};
 use crate::builtins;
 use crate::lexer::Span;
+use crate::value::Object;
 use crate::value::Value;
 use crate::Rc;
 
-use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use anyhow::Result;
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn fn_intersection(
             // Intersection of objects: keep key-value pairs from the first
             // object only when the key exists in every other object AND
             // the value is equal across all of them.
-            let mut result: BTreeMap<Value, Value> = first.as_ref().clone();
+            let mut result: Object = first.as_ref().clone();
             for arg in rest {
                 let Value::Object(ref other) = *arg else {
                     return Ok(Value::Undefined);
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn fn_union(_span: &Span, _params: &[Ref<Expr>], args: &[Value], _strict: bool)
         Value::Object(_) => {
             // Union of objects: recursive merge. Nested objects are merged
             // recursively; all other types (including arrays) use last-writer-wins.
-            let mut result = BTreeMap::<Value, Value>::new();
+            let mut result = Object::new();
             for arg in args {
                 let Value::Object(ref obj) = *arg else {
                     return Ok(Value::Undefined);
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ fn fn_create_object(
         );
     }
 
-    let mut map = BTreeMap::<Value, Value>::new();
+    let mut map = Object::new();
 
     for pair in args.chunks(2) {
         #[allow(clippy::pattern_type_mismatch)]
@@ -280,9 +280,9 @@ fn fn_create_object(
 
 /// Recursively merge two objects.  Nested objects are merged; everything
 /// else (including arrays) uses the value from `incoming`.
-fn merge_objects(base: &BTreeMap<Value, Value>, overlay: &BTreeMap<Value, Value>) -> Value {
+fn merge_objects(base: &Object, overlay: &Object) -> Value {
     let mut result = base.clone();
-    for (k, v) in overlay {
+    for (k, v) in overlay.iter() {
         #[allow(clippy::needless_borrowed_reference)]
         let merged = match (result.get(k), v) {
             (Some(&Value::Object(ref prev)), &Value::Object(ref next)) => merge_objects(prev, next),

src/builtins/azure_policy/template_functions_misc.rs

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 use crate::ast::{Expr, Ref};
 use crate::builtins;
 use crate::lexer::Span;
+use crate::value::Object;
 use crate::value::Value;
 use crate::Rc;
 
-use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
 use alloc::string::{String, ToString as _};
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use anyhow::Result;
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ fn fn_items(_span: &Span, _params: &[Ref<Expr>], args: &[Value], _strict: bool)
         return Ok(Value::Undefined);
     };
     let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(obj.len());
-    for (k, v) in obj.as_ref() {
-        let mut entry = BTreeMap::<Value, Value>::new();
+    for (k, v) in obj.iter_sorted() {
+        let mut entry = Object::new();
         entry.insert(Value::from("key"), k.clone());
         entry.insert(Value::from("value"), v.clone());
         result.push(Value::Object(Rc::new(entry)));

src/builtins/encoding.rs

@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fn urlquery_encode_object(
 
     {
         let mut pairs = url.query_pairs_mut();
-        for (key, value) in obj.iter() {
+        for (key, value) in obj.iter_sorted() {
             let key = ensure_string(name, &params[0], key)?;
             match value {
                 Value::String(v) => {

src/builtins/graph.rs

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ use crate::ast::{Expr, Ref};
 use crate::builtins;
 use crate::builtins::utils::{enforce_limit, ensure_args_count, ensure_object};
 use crate::lexer::Span;
+use crate::value::Object;
 use crate::value::Value;
 use crate::*;
 
-use alloc::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use alloc::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
 
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ fn reachable(span: &Span, params: &[Ref<Expr>], args: &[Value], strict: bool) ->
 }
 
 fn visit(
-    graph: &BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
+    graph: &Object,
     visited: &mut BTreeSet<Value>,
     node: &Value,
     path: &mut Vec<Value>,
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ fn walk_visit(path: &mut Vec<Value>, value: &Value, paths: &mut Vec<Value>) -> R
             }
         }
         Value::Object(obj) => {
-            for (key, value) in obj.iter() {
+            for (key, value) in obj.iter_sorted() {
                 path.push(key.clone());
                 // Guard path stack growth while traversing object entries.
                 enforce_limit()?;

src/builtins/objects.rs

@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn merge_filters(
                     let vref = match f {
                         Value::Object(obj) => {
                             let obj = Rc::make_mut(obj);
-                            let entry = obj.entry(p.clone()).or_insert_with(Value::new_object);
+                            let entry = obj.get_or_insert_with(p.clone(), Value::new_object);
                             // Guard filter map growth when creating nested objects.
                             enforce_limit()?;
                             entry

src/builtins/strings.rs

@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ fn to_string(v: &Value, unescape: bool) -> String {
         }
         Value::Object(o) => {
             "{".to_owned()
-                + &o.iter()
+                + &o.iter_sorted()
                     .map(|(k, v)| to_string(k, true) + ": " + &to_string(v, true))
                     .collect::<Vec<String>>()
                     .join(", ")
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ fn replace_n(span: &Span, params: &[Ref<Expr>], args: &[Value], _strict: bool) -
     let mut s = ensure_string(name, &params[1], &args[1])?;
 
     let span = params[0].span();
-    for item in obj.as_ref().iter() {
+    for item in obj.as_ref().iter_sorted() {
         match item {
             (Value::String(k), Value::String(v)) => {
                 s = s.replace(k.as_ref(), v.as_ref()).into();

src/builtins/utils.rs

@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@
 use crate::ast::{Expr, Ref};
 use crate::lexer::Span;
 use crate::number::Number;
+use crate::value::Object;
 use crate::Rc;
 use crate::Value;
 use crate::*;
 
-use alloc::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use alloc::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
 
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ pub fn ensure_set(fcn: &str, arg: &Expr, v: Value) -> Result<Rc<BTreeSet<Value>>
     })
 }
 
-pub fn ensure_object(fcn: &str, arg: &Expr, v: Value) -> Result<Rc<BTreeMap<Value, Value>>> {
+pub fn ensure_object(fcn: &str, arg: &Expr, v: Value) -> Result<Rc<Object>> {
     Ok(match v {
         Value::Object(o) => o,
         _ => {

src/compiled_policy.rs

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ pub(crate) struct CompiledPolicyData {
     pub(crate) default_rules: Map<String, Vec<DefaultRuleInfo>>,
     pub(crate) imports: BTreeMap<String, Ref<Expr>>,
     pub(crate) functions: FunctionTable,
-    pub(crate) rule_paths: Set<String>,
+    pub(crate) rule_paths: MapSet<String>,
     #[cfg(feature = "azure_policy")]
     pub(crate) target_info: Option<TargetInfo>,
     #[cfg(feature = "azure_policy")]

src/compiler/destructuring_planner/assignment.rs

@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ fn order_element_pairs<T: VariableBindingContext>(
 
             if ready {
                 let (value_expr, plan, _deps, binds) = remaining.remove(idx);
-                scheduled.extend(binds.into_iter());
+                scheduled.extend(binds);
                 ordered.push((value_expr, plan));
                 progress = true;
                 break;

src/engine.rs

@@ -434,7 +434,13 @@ impl Engine {
 
     /// Add data document.
     ///
-    /// The specified data document is merged into existing data document.
+    /// The specified data document is deep-merged into the existing data document. Nested
+    /// objects are merged recursively (matching OPA's data-document merge), so adding
+    /// `{ "a": { "x": 1 } }` and then `{ "a": { "y": 2 } }` yields `{ "a": { "x": 1, "y": 2 } }`.
+    /// A conflict — the same path holding two different values — is an error.
+    ///
+    /// The merge is atomic: if any conflict is detected (including one deep in a nested
+    /// document), the call fails and the existing data document is left unchanged.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use regorus::*;
@@ -453,9 +459,13 @@ impl Engine {
     /// // Merge { "z" : 3 }. Conflict error.
     /// assert!(engine.add_data(Value::from_json_str(r#"{ "z" : 3 }"#)?).is_err());
     ///
+    /// // Nested objects are deep-merged. Merge { "y" : { "a" : 10 } } then { "y" : { "b" : 20 } }.
+    /// assert!(engine.add_data(Value::from_json_str(r#"{ "y" : { "a" : 10 } }"#)?).is_ok());
+    /// assert!(engine.add_data(Value::from_json_str(r#"{ "y" : { "b" : 20 } }"#)?).is_ok());
+    ///
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///   engine.eval_query("data".to_string(), false)?.result[0].expressions[0].value,
-    ///   Value::from_json_str(r#"{ "x": 1, "y": {}, "z": 2}"#)?
+    ///   Value::from_json_str(r#"{ "x": 1, "y": { "a": 10, "b": 20 }, "z": 2}"#)?
     /// );
     /// # Ok(())
     /// # }
@@ -464,8 +474,29 @@ impl Engine {
         if data.as_object().is_err() {
             bail!("data must be object");
         }
-        self.prepared = false;
-        self.interpreter.get_init_data_mut().merge(data)
+
+        // add_data is all-or-nothing; the atomic strategy differs by build because the failure
+        // modes do: a conflict (same path, differing values) is possible everywhere, an
+        // allocator-limit failure mid-merge only under `allocator-memory-limits`.
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "allocator-memory-limits"))]
+        {
+            // Conflict is the only failure mode; `check_mergeable` catches it up front without
+            // allocating, so validate then deep-merge in place (zero-copy fast path).
+            self.interpreter.get_init_data().check_mergeable(&data)?;
+            self.prepared = false;
+            self.interpreter.get_init_data_mut().deep_merge(data)
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "allocator-memory-limits")]
+        {
+            // A limit failure can strike mid-merge and can't be predicted, so merge into a
+            // candidate and commit only on success. `Value` is copy-on-write, so only touched
+            // subtrees are cloned.
+            let mut candidate = self.interpreter.get_init_data().clone();
+            candidate.deep_merge(data)?;
+            *self.interpreter.get_init_data_mut() = candidate;
+            self.prepared = false;
+            Ok(())
+        }
     }
 
     /// Get the data document.

src/interpreter.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ use crate::{Expression, Extension, Location, QueryResult, QueryResults};
 use crate::query::traversal::traverse;
 
 use crate::Rc;
-use alloc::collections::btree_map::Entry as BTreeMapEntry;
 use alloc::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Result};
 use core::ops::Bound::*;
@@ -61,6 +60,17 @@ enum FunctionModifier {
     Value(Value),
 }
 
+/// How [`Interpreter::update_data`] merges a rule's value into the data document.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum RuleValueMerge {
+    /// Shallow-merge keeping disjoint keys, so rules sharing a path prefix scaffold into one
+    /// object (`a.foo` + `a.bar` → one `a`) instead of conflicting.
+    Combine,
+    /// Complete-rule semantics: existing value must be absent or exactly equal, else conflict.
+    /// Used for zero-arg function outputs (`f() := …`), which OPA treats like complete rules.
+    Strict,
+}
+
 type RuleValues = BTreeMap<Vec<Value>, (Value, Ref<Expr>)>;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -1248,7 +1258,34 @@ impl Interpreter {
             // Apply with modifiers.
             for wm in &stmt.with_mods {
                 let path = Parser::get_path_ref_components(&wm.refr)?;
-                let path: Vec<&str> = path.iter().map(|s| s.text()).collect();
+                let mut path: Vec<String> = path.iter().map(|s| s.text().to_string()).collect();
+
+                // Matching OPA, a leading import alias is rewritten before
+                // any lookups: functions register as overrides below,
+                // anything else becomes a data override. Only the alias
+                // component is replaced so bracketed keys containing dots
+                // survive the rewrite.
+                let rewritten: Option<Vec<String>> = match path.split_first() {
+                    Some((head, rest)) if head.as_str() != "data" => {
+                        self.lookup_import(head).and_then(|import_expr| {
+                            // Use the import target's parsed components, not
+                            // its dot-joined string, so bracketed keys
+                            // containing dots survive in the import path too.
+                            let comps = Parser::get_path_ref_components(import_expr).ok()?;
+                            Some(
+                                comps
+                                    .iter()
+                                    .map(|s| s.text().to_string())
+                                    .chain(rest.iter().cloned())
+                                    .collect(),
+                            )
+                        })
+                    }
+                    _ => None,
+                };
+                if let Some(new_path) = rewritten {
+                    path = new_path;
+                }
                 let mut target = path.join(".");
 
                 let mut target_is_function = self.lookup_function_by_name(&target).is_some()
@@ -1287,11 +1324,17 @@ impl Interpreter {
                             if self.lookup_function_by_name(&function_path).is_none() {
                                 // Lookup without current module path prefixed.
                                 function_path = get_path_string(&wm.r#as, None)?;
-                                if self.lookup_function_by_name(&function_path).is_none()
-                                    && !Self::is_builtin(wm.r#as.span(), &function_path)
-                                {
-                                    // bail!(wm.r#as.span().error("could not evaluate expression"));
-                                    skip_exec = true;
+                                if self.lookup_function_by_name(&function_path).is_none() {
+                                    // Resolve an aliased replacement before builtins.
+                                    let resolved = self
+                                        .resolve_fcn_path_through_imports(&function_path)
+                                        .filter(|r| self.compiled_policy.functions.contains_key(r));
+                                    if let Some(resolved) = resolved {
+                                        function_path = resolved;
+                                    } else if !Self::is_builtin(wm.r#as.span(), &function_path) {
+                                        // bail!(wm.r#as.span().error("could not evaluate expression"));
+                                        skip_exec = true;
+                                    }
                                 }
                             }
                             self.with_functions
@@ -1312,10 +1355,10 @@ impl Interpreter {
                                 *obj = Value::new_object();
                             }
 
-                            obj = obj
-                                .as_object_mut()?
-                                .entry(Value::String(p.to_string().into()))
-                                .or_insert(Value::new_object());
+                            obj = obj.as_object_mut()?.get_or_insert_with(
+                                Value::String(p.to_string().into()),
+                                Value::new_object,
+                            );
                         }
                         *obj = value;
                         // Mark modified rules as processed.
@@ -1682,8 +1725,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
                     let set = obj
                         .as_object_mut()
                         .map_err(|_| anyhow!(span.error("previous value is not an object")))?
-                        .entry(p)
-                        .or_insert(Value::new_set())
+                        .get_or_insert_with(p, Value::new_set)
                         .as_set_mut()
                         .map_err(|_| anyhow!(span.error("previous value is not a set")))?;
                     set.append(value.as_set_mut()?);
@@ -1691,20 +1733,13 @@ impl Interpreter {
                     let obj = obj
                         .as_object_mut()
                         .map_err(|_| anyhow!(span.error("previous value is not an object")))?;
-                    match obj.entry(p) {
-                        BTreeMapEntry::Vacant(v) => {
-                            if value != Value::Undefined {
-                                v.insert(value);
-                            } else {
-                                // TODO: clean this assumption between Undefined vs Object.
-                                v.insert(Value::new_object());
-                            }
-                        }
-                        BTreeMapEntry::Occupied(o) => {
-                            if o.get() != &value && value != Value::Undefined {
-                                bail!(span
-                                    .error("complete rules should not produce multiple outputs"))
-                            }
+                    if value == Value::Undefined {
+                        // TODO: clean this assumption between Undefined vs Object.
+                        obj.get_or_insert_with(p, Value::new_object);
+                    } else {
+                        let existing = obj.get_or_insert_with(p, || value.clone());
+                        if *existing != value {
+                            bail!(span.error("complete rules should not produce multiple outputs"))
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -1713,8 +1748,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 obj = obj
                     .as_object_mut()
                     .map_err(|_| anyhow!(span.error("previous value is not an object")))?
-                    .entry(p)
-                    .or_insert(Value::new_object());
+                    .get_or_insert_with(p, Value::new_object);
             }
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -1782,6 +1816,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
 
                 let mut comps = self.eval_rule_ref(&rule_ref)?;
                 if let Some(ke) = &key_expr {
+                    is_const_rule = is_const_rule && Self::is_simple_literal(ke)?;
                     comps.push(self.eval_expr(ke)?);
                 }
                 let output = if let Some(oe) = &output_expr {
@@ -1821,8 +1856,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
                     let set = ctx_mut
                         .rule_value
                         .as_object_mut()?
-                        .entry(Value::from_array(comps))
-                        .or_insert(Value::new_set());
+                        .get_or_insert_with(Value::from_array(comps), Value::new_set);
                     if output != Value::Undefined {
                         set.as_set_mut()?.insert(output);
                         return Ok(true);
@@ -1831,20 +1865,13 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 }
 
                 // Non-set rule.
-                match ctx_mut
-                    .rule_value
-                    .as_object_mut()?
-                    .entry(Value::from_array(comps))
-                {
-                    BTreeMapEntry::Vacant(v) => {
-                        v.insert(output);
-                    }
-                    BTreeMapEntry::Occupied(o) if o.get() != &output => bail!(rule_ref
+                let key = Value::from_array(comps);
+                let obj_mut = ctx_mut.rule_value.as_object_mut()?;
+                let existing = obj_mut.get_or_insert_with(key, || output.clone());
+                if *existing != output {
+                    bail!(rule_ref
                         .span()
-                        .error("rules must not produce multiple outputs")),
-                    _ => {
-                        // Rule produced same value.
-                    }
+                        .error("rules must not produce multiple outputs"));
                 }
 
                 return Ok(true);
@@ -2377,6 +2404,72 @@ impl Interpreter {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Look up the import of the current module with the given alias, e.g.
+    /// the `data.a.b` import expression for `b` after `import data.a.b`.
+    fn lookup_import(&self, alias: &str) -> Option<&Ref<Expr>> {
+        if self.compiled_policy.imports.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let import_key = format!("{}.{}", self.current_module_path, alias);
+        self.compiled_policy.imports.get(&import_key)
+    }
+
+    /// Look up the dot-joined target path of an import of the current module
+    /// with the given alias, e.g. `data.a.b` for `b` after `import data.a.b`.
+    fn lookup_import_alias(&self, alias: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        get_path_string(self.lookup_import(alias)?, None).ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Rewrite a path whose leading component is an import alias of the
+    /// current module to the import's target, e.g. `b.f` to `data.a.b.f`
+    /// after `import data.a.b`.
+    fn rewrite_path_through_imports(&self, path: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        if path.starts_with("data.") {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let (alias, rest) = match path.split_once('.') {
+            Some((alias, rest)) => (alias, Some(rest)),
+            None => (path, None),
+        };
+        let target = self.lookup_import_alias(alias)?;
+        Some(match rest {
+            Some(rest) => format!("{target}.{rest}"),
+            None => target,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Rewrite an import-aliased call path to its target, e.g. `b.f(1)` to
+    /// `data.a.b.f` after `import data.a.b`. Resolves only when the target is
+    /// a known function or default function, so an alias whose target defines
+    /// the called function shadows a like-named builtin namespace, while other
+    /// spellings keep their prior meaning (e.g. a builtin call). OPA instead
+    /// rewrites aliases unconditionally and rejects calls to a missing target
+    /// at compile time.
+    fn resolve_fcn_path_through_imports(&self, path: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        let candidate = self.rewrite_path_through_imports(path)?;
+        (self.compiled_policy.functions.contains_key(&candidate)
+            || self.is_default_function(&candidate))
+        .then_some(candidate)
+    }
+
+    /// True if `path` is the exact path of a `default` function rule.
+    /// `default_rules` also indexes every prefix of a rule path, so it cannot
+    /// be consulted alone: `rule_paths` holds only exact rule paths, and the
+    /// non-empty argument list distinguishes functions from value rules.
+    fn is_default_function(&self, path: &str) -> bool {
+        self.compiled_policy.rule_paths.contains(path)
+            && self
+                .compiled_policy
+                .default_rules
+                .get(path)
+                .is_some_and(|rules| {
+                    rules.iter().any(|(rule, _)| {
+                        matches!(rule.as_ref(), Rule::Default { args, .. } if !args.is_empty())
+                    })
+                })
+    }
+
     fn eval_builtin_call(
         &mut self,
         span: &Span,
@@ -2470,7 +2563,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
             }
             Value::Object(map) => {
                 s.push('{');
-                for (idx, (k, entry_value)) in map.iter().enumerate() {
+                for (idx, (k, entry_value)) in map.iter_sorted().enumerate() {
                     if idx > 0 {
                         s.push_str(", ");
                     }
@@ -2548,6 +2641,13 @@ impl Interpreter {
             param_values.push(self.eval_expr(p)?);
         }
 
+        // Resolve a leading import alias before the `with` override and builtin
+        // lookups, so an override keyed by the full path reaches aliased calls
+        // and the alias shadows a like-named builtin namespace (matching OPA).
+        let fcn_path = self
+            .resolve_fcn_path_through_imports(&fcn_path)
+            .unwrap_or(fcn_path);
+
         let orig_fcn_path = fcn_path.clone();
 
         let mut with_functions_saved = None;
@@ -2724,7 +2824,12 @@ impl Interpreter {
             let value = match self.eval_rule_bodies(ctx, span, bodies) {
                 Ok(v) => v,
                 Err(e) => {
-                    // If the rule produces an error, save the error.
+                    // If the rule produces an error, save the error. Restore
+                    // the caller's module even so: leaving the callee's module
+                    // in place would make the rest of the caller's body
+                    // resolve paths through the wrong module's imports when
+                    // the error is swallowed below in non-strict mode.
+                    self.set_current_module(prev_module)?;
                     errors.push(e);
                     self.scopes = scopes;
                     continue;
@@ -3425,6 +3530,23 @@ impl Interpreter {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Materialize a complete-rule value: the existing value must be absent or *exactly equal*
+    /// to `new`, else it is a conflict.
+    ///
+    /// Unlike the shallow [`Self::merge_rule_value`], differing outputs conflict instead of
+    /// combining — `f() := {"a": 1}` and `f() := {"b": 2}` conflict — matching OPA's semantics
+    /// for zero-arg functions.
+    fn merge_rule_value_strict(span: &Span, value: &mut Value, new: Value) -> Result<()> {
+        if *value == Value::Undefined {
+            *value = new;
+            Ok(())
+        } else if *value == new {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(span.error("rules should not produce multiple outputs."))
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn get_path_string(refr: &Expr, document: Option<&str>) -> Result<String> {
         let mut comps = vec![];
         let mut expr_opt = Some(refr);
@@ -3680,6 +3802,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
         _refr: &Expr,
         path: &[&str],
         value: Value,
+        merge: RuleValueMerge,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         if value == Value::Undefined {
             return Ok(());
@@ -3687,7 +3810,10 @@ impl Interpreter {
         // Ensure that path is created.
         let vref = Self::make_or_get_value_mut(&mut self.data, path)?;
         if Self::get_value_chained(self.init_data.clone(), path) == Value::Undefined {
-            Self::merge_rule_value(span, vref, value)
+            match merge {
+                RuleValueMerge::Strict => Self::merge_rule_value_strict(span, vref, value),
+                RuleValueMerge::Combine => Self::merge_rule_value(span, vref, value),
+            }
         } else {
             // Retain specified value.
             Ok(())
@@ -3795,7 +3921,13 @@ impl Interpreter {
                         // `a` is created as an empty object.
                         if let Some((_, prefix)) = path.split_last() {
                             if !prefix.is_empty() {
-                                self.update_data(span, refr, prefix, Value::new_object())?;
+                                self.update_data(
+                                    span,
+                                    refr,
+                                    prefix,
+                                    Value::new_object(),
+                                    RuleValueMerge::Combine,
+                                )?;
                             }
                         }
 
@@ -3807,7 +3939,13 @@ impl Interpreter {
                             };
 
                             let value = self.eval_rule_bodies(ctx, span, rule_body)?;
-                            self.update_data(refr.span(), refr, &path[..], value)?;
+                            self.update_data(
+                                refr.span(),
+                                refr,
+                                &path[..],
+                                value,
+                                RuleValueMerge::Strict,
+                            )?;
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -4054,6 +4192,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
                         rule_refr,
                         &prefix_path,
                         Value::new_object(),
+                        RuleValueMerge::Combine,
                     )?;
                 }
             }

src/languages/azure_policy/aliases/denormalizer/mod.rs

@@ -213,10 +213,10 @@ pub fn denormalize_with_aliases(
     // Phase 4: Attach properties to result.
     if !properties.is_empty() {
         if let Some(Value::Object(existing_rc)) = result.get_mut("properties") {
-            // Merge directly into the BTreeMap, avoiding full ObjMap round-trip.
+            // Merge directly into the Object, avoiding full ObjMap round-trip.
             let existing = Rc::make_mut(existing_rc);
             for (k, v) in properties {
-                existing.entry(Value::String(k)).or_insert(v);
+                existing.get_or_insert_with(Value::String(k), || v);
             }
         } else {
             obj_insert(&mut result, "properties", make_value(properties));

src/languages/azure_policy/aliases/denormalizer/sub_resource.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use alloc::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use alloc::string::String;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
+use crate::value::Object;
 use crate::Value;
 
 use super::super::obj_map::{make_value, new_map, obj_insert, val_str, ObjMap};
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ fn rewrap_nested_array(
 /// BTreeMap-native recursion for nested sub-resource array re-wrapping,
 /// avoiding ObjMap round-trips on each array element.
 fn rewrap_nested_array_in_btree(
-    btree: &mut alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
+    btree: &mut Object,
     parent_parts: &[&str],
     array_name: &str,
     envelope_fields: &BTreeSet<String>,
@@ -187,10 +188,7 @@ fn rewrap_nested_array_in_btree(
 }
 
 /// Find a key in a BTreeMap using case-insensitive comparison.
-fn find_key_ci_btree(
-    btree: &alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
-    key: &str,
-) -> Option<Value> {
+fn find_key_ci_btree(btree: &Object, key: &str) -> Option<Value> {
     btree
         .keys()
         .find(|k| val_str(k).is_some_and(|s| s.eq_ignore_ascii_case(key)))

src/languages/azure_policy/aliases/mod.rs

@@ -172,11 +172,31 @@ impl AliasRegistry {
         let prefix = alloc::format!("{}/", fq_type);
 
         for alias in aliases {
+            // Skip aliases without a default_path — the normalizer's
+            // resolve_resource_type also skips these, so inserting them into
+            // compiler maps would cause a divergence where the compiler
+            // resolves the alias but normalized input never contains the field.
+            if alias.default_path.is_none() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             // Derive the short name by stripping the resource type prefix.
             let raw_short = if alias.name.len() > prefix.len()
-                && alias.name[..prefix.len()].eq_ignore_ascii_case(&prefix)
+                && alias
+                    .name
+                    .get(..prefix.len())
+                    .is_some_and(|s| s.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&prefix))
             {
-                alias.name[prefix.len()..].to_string()
+                // Both slice boundaries are valid: prefix is ASCII
+                // (resource type + '/'), so if `..prefix.len()` succeeded
+                // above, `prefix.len()..` is guaranteed to be on a char
+                // boundary too.  The `unwrap_or` is a defensive fallback
+                // that can never trigger for well-formed Azure alias names.
+                alias
+                    .name
+                    .get(prefix.len()..)
+                    .unwrap_or(&alias.name)
+                    .to_string()
             } else if let Some(rest) = alias
                 .name
                 .rfind('/')
@@ -260,20 +280,19 @@ impl AliasRegistry {
             .map(String::as_str)
     }
 
-    /// Return a clone of the alias-to-short-name map for use by the compiler.
+    /// Return a reference to the alias-to-short-name map.
     ///
-    /// The compiler stores this map internally so it can resolve fully-qualified
-    /// alias names without holding a reference to the registry.
-    pub fn alias_map(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, String> {
-        self.alias_to_short.clone()
+    /// Keys are lowercase fully-qualified alias names; values are short names.
+    pub const fn alias_map(&self) -> &BTreeMap<String, String> {
+        &self.alias_to_short
     }
 
-    /// Return a clone of the alias-to-modifiable map for use by the compiler.
+    /// Return a reference to the alias-to-modifiable map.
     ///
-    /// Maps lowercase fully-qualified alias names to `true` when the alias
-    /// has `defaultMetadata.attributes = "Modifiable"`.
-    pub fn alias_modifiable_map(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, bool> {
-        self.alias_modifiable.clone()
+    /// Keys are lowercase fully-qualified alias names; values are `true` when
+    /// the alias has `defaultMetadata.attributes = "Modifiable"`.
+    pub const fn alias_modifiable_map(&self) -> &BTreeMap<String, bool> {
+        &self.alias_modifiable
     }
 
     /// Normalize a raw ARM resource and wrap it in the input envelope.

src/languages/azure_policy/aliases/normalizer/alias_resolution.rs

@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@
 //! Per-alias path resolution: reads values from versioned ARM paths and places
 //! them at alias short name paths in the normalized output.
 
-use alloc::string::String;
-
+use crate::Rc;
 use crate::Value;
 
 use super::super::obj_map::remove_element_field;
 use super::super::obj_map::{
-    collision_safe_key, is_root_field_collision, obj_contains, obj_insert, obj_remove,
-    set_nested_lowercased, ObjMap,
+    collision_safe_key, is_root_field_collision, obj_contains, obj_insert, obj_insert_rc,
+    obj_remove, set_nested_lowercased, ObjMap,
 };
 use super::super::types::ResolvedAliases;
 use super::element_remap::apply_element_remap_precomputed;
@@ -48,12 +47,14 @@ pub fn apply_alias_entries(
         if let Some(value) = value {
             let value = normalize_value(&value, &entry.short_name, None);
 
-            let target = if is_root_field_collision(&entry.short_name, &entry.default_path) {
-                collision_safe_key(&entry.short_name)
+            if is_root_field_collision(&entry.short_name, &entry.default_path) {
+                let target = collision_safe_key(&entry.short_name);
+                set_nested_lowercased(result, &target, value);
+            } else if entry.short_name.contains('.') {
+                set_nested_lowercased(result, &entry.short_name, value);
             } else {
-                entry.short_name.clone()
-            };
-            set_nested_lowercased(result, &target, value);
+                obj_insert_rc(result, Rc::clone(&entry.short_name_lc), value);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -84,13 +85,13 @@ pub fn apply_alias_entries(
 }
 
 /// Navigate an ARM path using precomputed segments (avoids per-call split).
-fn navigate_arm_path_segments(value: &Value, segments: &[String]) -> Option<Value> {
+fn navigate_arm_path_segments(value: &Value, segments: &[Rc<str>]) -> Option<Value> {
     let mut current = value;
     for segment in segments {
         current = current
             .as_object()
             .ok()?
-            .get(&Value::from(segment.as_str()))?;
+            .get(&Value::String(Rc::clone(segment)))?;
     }
     Some(current.clone())
 }

src/languages/azure_policy/aliases/normalizer/element_remap.rs

@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@
 use alloc::string::String;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
+use crate::value::Object;
 use crate::Value;
 
 use super::super::obj_map::{
-    obj_get, obj_get_mut, obj_insert, set_nested_in_btree, set_nested_lowercased,
-    set_nested_verbatim, ObjMap,
+    obj_get, obj_get_mut, obj_insert, set_nested, set_nested_lowercased, set_nested_verbatim,
+    ObjMap,
 };
 use super::super::types::PrecomputedRemap;
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ fn apply_remap_at_depth(
 /// BTreeMap-native recursion for element-level remap, avoiding ObjMap
 /// round-trips on each array element.
 fn remap_at_depth_in_btree(
-    btree: &mut alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
+    btree: &mut Object,
     array_chain: &[Vec<String>],
     depth: usize,
     source_field: &str,
@@ -177,12 +178,7 @@ fn remap_at_depth_in_btree(
 }
 
 /// Remap a value between dotted paths directly in a BTreeMap.
-fn remap_deep_field_in_btree(
-    btree: &mut alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
-    source: &str,
-    target: &str,
-    lowercase: bool,
-) {
+fn remap_deep_field_in_btree(btree: &mut Object, source: &str, target: &str, lowercase: bool) {
     let val = match read_dotted_path_btree(btree, source) {
         Some(v) => v,
         None => return,
@@ -198,14 +194,11 @@ fn remap_deep_field_in_btree(
         }
         return;
     }
-    set_nested_in_btree(btree, &segments, val, lowercase);
+    set_nested(btree, &segments, val, lowercase);
 }
 
 /// Read a value at a dotted path from a BTreeMap.
-fn read_dotted_path_btree(
-    btree: &alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
-    path: &str,
-) -> Option<Value> {
+fn read_dotted_path_btree(btree: &Object, path: &str) -> Option<Value> {
     let segments: Vec<&str> = path.split('.').collect();
     let first = segments.first()?;
     let mut cur: &Value = btree.get(&Value::from(*first))?;

src/languages/azure_policy/aliases/normalizer/mod.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ mod flatten;
 // Re-export items used by the denormalizer.
 pub(crate) use element_remap::{apply_element_remap, ElementRemap};
 
+use crate::value::Object;
 use crate::Value;
 
 use super::obj_map::{
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ pub fn normalize_with_aliases(
 /// Merge `properties` fields into the result map, skipping keys that already
 /// exist.
 fn merge_properties(
-    obj: &alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
+    obj: &Object,
     result: &mut ObjMap,
     sub_arrays: Option<&alloc::collections::BTreeSet<alloc::string::String>>,
 ) {

src/languages/azure_policy/aliases/obj_map.rs

@@ -4,14 +4,15 @@
 //! Lightweight string-keyed map used during normalization/denormalization.
 //!
 //! Internally uses `hashbrown::HashMap<Rc<str>, Value>` for O(1) lookups,
-//! then converts to `Value::Object` (a `BTreeMap<Value, Value>`) only at
+//! then converts to `Value::Object` (an `Object`) only at
 //! the output boundary via [`make_value`].
 
-use alloc::string::{String, ToString as _};
+use alloc::string::String;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
 
+use crate::value::Object;
 use crate::Rc;
 use crate::Value;
 
@@ -41,6 +42,33 @@ pub fn obj_insert(map: &mut ObjMap, key: &str, val: Value) {
     map.insert(Rc::from(key), val);
 }
 
+/// Insert a key-value pair using a pre-allocated `Rc<str>` key.
+///
+/// Avoids the `Rc::from(key)` heap allocation that [`obj_insert`] performs.
+pub fn obj_insert_rc(map: &mut ObjMap, key: Rc<str>, val: Value) {
+    map.insert(key, val);
+}
+
+/// Lowercase a string, returning an `Rc<str>`.
+///
+/// Both paths allocate an `Rc<str>` (header + string bytes).  The fast-path
+/// avoids creating an intermediate lowercased `String` when the input is
+/// already all-lowercase ASCII.
+pub fn rc_lowercase(s: &str) -> Rc<str> {
+    if s.bytes().all(|b| !b.is_ascii_uppercase()) {
+        Rc::from(s)
+    } else {
+        Rc::from(s.to_ascii_lowercase())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Insert a key-value pair with the key lowercased, using [`rc_lowercase`]
+/// for the allocation fast-path.
+pub fn obj_insert_lc(map: &mut ObjMap, key: &str, val: Value) {
+    let lc = rc_lowercase(key);
+    map.insert(lc, val);
+}
+
 /// Check whether a key exists.
 pub fn obj_contains(map: &ObjMap, key: &str) -> bool {
     map.contains_key(key)
@@ -54,14 +82,13 @@ pub fn obj_remove(map: &mut ObjMap, key: &str) -> Option<Value> {
 /// Convert an [`ObjMap`] into a [`Value::Object`].
 ///
 /// Keys are converted from `Rc<str>` to `Value::String` and inserted into
-/// a `BTreeMap` to match the `Value::Object` representation.
+/// an `Object` to match the `Value::Object` representation.
 pub fn make_value(map: ObjMap) -> Value {
-    use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
-    let mut btree = BTreeMap::new();
-    for (k, v) in map {
-        btree.insert(Value::String(k), v);
-    }
-    Value::Object(Rc::new(btree))
+    let obj: Object = map
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(k, v)| (Value::String(k), v))
+        .collect();
+    Value::Object(Rc::new(obj))
 }
 
 /// Convert a `Vec<Value>` into a `Value::Array`.
@@ -88,14 +115,14 @@ pub fn extract_type_field(resource: &Value) -> Option<&str> {
     })
 }
 
-/// Convert a `Value::Object` (BTreeMap<Value, Value>) into an [`ObjMap`].
+/// Convert a `Value::Object` (Object) into an [`ObjMap`].
 ///
 /// Non-string keys are silently skipped.
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 pub fn value_to_obj_map(value: &Value) -> Option<ObjMap> {
-    let btree = value.as_object().ok()?;
-    let mut map = ObjMap::with_capacity(btree.len());
-    for (k, v) in btree.iter() {
+    let obj = value.as_object().ok()?;
+    let mut map = ObjMap::with_capacity(obj.len());
+    for (k, v) in obj.iter() {
         if let Value::String(s) = k {
             map.insert(Rc::clone(s), v.clone());
         }
@@ -112,7 +139,7 @@ pub fn set_nested_lowercased(result: &mut ObjMap, path: &str, value: Value) {
     }
     if segments.len() == 1 {
         if let Some(&seg) = segments.first() {
-            obj_insert(result, &seg.to_ascii_lowercase(), value);
+            obj_insert_lc(result, seg, value);
         }
         return;
     }
@@ -144,30 +171,30 @@ fn set_nested_inner(obj: &mut ObjMap, segments: &[&str], value: Value, lowercase
     };
 
     if segments.len() == 1 {
-        let key = if lowercase {
-            first.to_ascii_lowercase()
+        let key: Rc<str> = if lowercase {
+            rc_lowercase(first)
         } else {
-            first.to_string()
+            Rc::from(first)
         };
-        obj_insert(obj, &key, value);
+        obj_insert_rc(obj, key, value);
         return;
     }
 
-    let seg = if lowercase {
-        first.to_ascii_lowercase()
+    let seg: Rc<str> = if lowercase {
+        rc_lowercase(first)
     } else {
-        first.to_string()
+        Rc::from(first)
     };
 
     // Ensure an intermediate object exists at `seg`.
-    if !obj_contains(obj, &seg) {
-        obj_insert(obj, &seg, make_value(new_map()));
+    if !obj.contains_key(&*seg) {
+        obj_insert_rc(obj, Rc::clone(&seg), make_value(new_map()));
     }
 
     // Descend directly into the BTreeMap, avoiding ObjMap round-trip.
-    if let Some(Value::Object(inner_rc)) = obj_get_mut(obj, &seg) {
+    if let Some(Value::Object(inner_rc)) = obj.get_mut(&*seg) {
         let inner_btree = Rc::make_mut(inner_rc);
-        set_nested_in_btree(
+        set_nested(
             inner_btree,
             segments.get(1..).unwrap_or_default(),
             value,
@@ -176,41 +203,36 @@ fn set_nested_inner(obj: &mut ObjMap, segments: &[&str], value: Value, lowercase
     }
 }
 
-/// Set a value at a path directly in a `BTreeMap<Value, Value>`, creating
+/// Set a value at a path directly in an `Object`, creating
 /// intermediate `Value::Object` nodes as needed.
 ///
 /// This avoids the `btree_to_obj_map` / `obj_map_to_btree` round-trip that
 /// would clone every sibling entry at each nesting level.
-pub fn set_nested_in_btree(
-    btree: &mut alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
-    segments: &[&str],
-    value: Value,
-    lowercase: bool,
-) {
+pub fn set_nested(obj: &mut Object, segments: &[&str], value: Value, lowercase: bool) {
     let Some(&first) = segments.first() else {
         return;
     };
 
-    let key_str: String = if lowercase {
-        first.to_ascii_lowercase()
+    let key_rc: Rc<str> = if lowercase {
+        rc_lowercase(first)
     } else {
-        first.to_string()
+        Rc::from(first)
     };
-    let key_val = Value::String(Rc::from(key_str.as_str()));
+    let key_val = Value::String(Rc::clone(&key_rc));
 
     if segments.len() == 1 {
-        btree.insert(key_val, value);
+        obj.insert(key_val, value);
         return;
     }
 
     // Ensure an intermediate object exists.
-    if !btree.contains_key(&key_val) {
-        btree.insert(key_val.clone(), make_value(new_map()));
+    if !obj.contains_key(&key_val) {
+        obj.insert(key_val.clone(), make_value(new_map()));
     }
 
-    if let Some(Value::Object(inner_rc)) = btree.get_mut(&key_val) {
+    if let Some(Value::Object(inner_rc)) = obj.get_mut(&key_val) {
         let inner = Rc::make_mut(inner_rc);
-        set_nested_in_btree(
+        set_nested(
             inner,
             segments.get(1..).unwrap_or_default(),
             value,
@@ -243,13 +265,24 @@ pub const ROOT_FIELDS: &[&str] = &[
     "extendedLocation",
 ];
 
+const PROPERTIES_DOT: &[u8] = b"properties.";
+
 /// Check whether an alias short name collides with a reserved ARM root field
 /// and needs a collision-safe key.
 pub fn is_root_field_collision(short_name: &str, default_path: &str) -> bool {
     ROOT_FIELDS
         .iter()
         .any(|f| f.eq_ignore_ascii_case(short_name))
-        && default_path.to_ascii_lowercase().starts_with("properties.")
+        && default_path.len() > PROPERTIES_DOT.len()
+        && default_path
+            .as_bytes()
+            .get(..PROPERTIES_DOT.len())
+            .is_some_and(|prefix| {
+                prefix
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(PROPERTIES_DOT)
+                    .all(|(a, b)| a.to_ascii_lowercase() == *b)
+            })
 }
 
 /// Return a collision-safe key for an alias whose short name collides with a
@@ -314,20 +347,15 @@ fn remove_field_at_depth(obj: &mut ObjMap, array_chain: &[Vec<String>], depth: u
         for elem in inner.iter_mut() {
             if let Value::Object(obj_rc) = elem {
                 let inner_btree = Rc::make_mut(obj_rc);
-                remove_field_at_depth_in_btree(
-                    inner_btree,
-                    array_chain,
-                    depth.saturating_add(1),
-                    field,
-                );
+                remove_field_at_depth_obj(inner_btree, array_chain, depth.saturating_add(1), field);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-/// BTreeMap-native recursion for element-level field removal.
-fn remove_field_at_depth_in_btree(
-    btree: &mut alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
+/// Object-native recursion for element-level field removal.
+fn remove_field_at_depth_obj(
+    obj: &mut Object,
     array_chain: &[Vec<String>],
     depth: usize,
     field: &str,
@@ -336,10 +364,10 @@ fn remove_field_at_depth_in_btree(
         let segments: Vec<&str> = field.split('.').collect();
         if segments.len() == 1 {
             if let Some(&seg) = segments.first() {
-                btree.remove(&Value::from(seg));
+                obj.remove(&Value::from(seg));
             }
         } else if segments.len() > 1 {
-            remove_at_dotted_path_in_btree(btree, &segments);
+            remove_at_dotted_path_obj(obj, &segments);
         }
         return;
     };
@@ -351,12 +379,12 @@ fn remove_field_at_depth_in_btree(
 
     let key_val = Value::from(first);
     let arr_val = if nav.len() == 1 {
-        match btree.get_mut(&key_val) {
+        match obj.get_mut(&key_val) {
             Some(v) => v,
             None => return,
         }
     } else {
-        let mut cur: &mut Value = match btree.get_mut(&key_val) {
+        let mut cur: &mut Value = match obj.get_mut(&key_val) {
             Some(v) => v,
             None => return,
         };
@@ -377,27 +405,19 @@ fn remove_field_at_depth_in_btree(
         for elem in inner.iter_mut() {
             if let Value::Object(obj_rc) = elem {
                 let inner_btree = Rc::make_mut(obj_rc);
-                remove_field_at_depth_in_btree(
-                    inner_btree,
-                    array_chain,
-                    depth.saturating_add(1),
-                    field,
-                );
+                remove_field_at_depth_obj(inner_btree, array_chain, depth.saturating_add(1), field);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-/// Remove the leaf segment at a dotted path directly in a BTreeMap.
-fn remove_at_dotted_path_in_btree(
-    btree: &mut alloc::collections::BTreeMap<Value, Value>,
-    segments: &[&str],
-) {
+/// Remove the leaf segment at a dotted path directly in an Object.
+fn remove_at_dotted_path_obj(obj: &mut Object, segments: &[&str]) {
     let Some((&leaf, parent_segs)) = segments.split_last() else {
         return;
     };
     if parent_segs.is_empty() {
-        btree.remove(&Value::from(leaf));
+        obj.remove(&Value::from(leaf));
         return;
     }
 
@@ -405,7 +425,7 @@ fn remove_at_dotted_path_in_btree(
         return;
     };
     let first_key = Value::from(first);
-    let parent_val = match btree.get_mut(&first_key) {
+    let parent_val = match obj.get_mut(&first_key) {
         Some(v) => v,
         None => return,
     };

src/languages/azure_policy/aliases/types.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,22 @@ use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
 
+use crate::Rc;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Deserialization helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Deserialize a `Vec<T>` that tolerates JSON `null` by mapping it to an
+/// empty vector.
+fn deserialize_null_as_empty_vec<'de, T, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<T>, D::Error>
+where
+    T: Deserialize<'de>,
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    Ok(Option::<Vec<T>>::deserialize(deserializer)?.unwrap_or_default())
+}
+
 // ─── Top-level response wrappers ────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 /// ARM API response envelope: `{ "value": [...] }`
@@ -98,7 +114,10 @@ pub struct AliasEntry {
 
     /// Versioned path entries.  Empty for the vast majority of aliases that
     /// have only a `defaultPath`.
-    #[serde(default)]
+    ///
+    /// In real Azure catalog data (~97% of aliases), `az provider list` emits
+    /// `"paths": null` rather than an empty array.
+    #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_null_as_empty_vec")]
     pub paths: Vec<AliasPath>,
 }
 
@@ -404,11 +423,13 @@ pub struct ResolvedEntry {
     // ── Precomputed fields (derived at registry-load time) ──────────────
     /// Whether `short_name` contains `[*]` (i.e., this is a wildcard/array alias).
     pub is_wildcard: bool,
+    /// Pre-lowercased short name as `Rc<str>` for allocation-free common-case inserts.
+    pub(crate) short_name_lc: Rc<str>,
     /// Precomputed `default_path.split('.').collect()` for fast ARM path navigation.
-    pub default_path_segments: Vec<String>,
+    pub(crate) default_path_segments: Vec<Rc<str>>,
     /// Precomputed path segments for each versioned path, in the same order
     /// as `versioned_paths`.
-    pub versioned_path_segments: Vec<Vec<String>>,
+    pub(crate) versioned_path_segments: Vec<Vec<Rc<str>>>,
 }
 
 impl ResolvedEntry {
@@ -420,10 +441,15 @@ impl ResolvedEntry {
         metadata: Option<AliasPathMetadata>,
     ) -> Self {
         let is_wildcard = short_name.contains("[*]");
-        let default_path_segments = default_path.split('.').map(String::from).collect();
+        let short_name_lc = if short_name.bytes().all(|b| !b.is_ascii_uppercase()) {
+            Rc::from(short_name.as_str())
+        } else {
+            Rc::from(short_name.to_ascii_lowercase())
+        };
+        let default_path_segments = default_path.split('.').map(Rc::from).collect();
         let versioned_path_segments = versioned_paths
             .iter()
-            .map(|(_, p)| p.split('.').map(String::from).collect())
+            .map(|(_, p)| p.split('.').map(Rc::from).collect())
             .collect();
         Self {
             short_name,
@@ -431,6 +457,7 @@ impl ResolvedEntry {
             versioned_paths,
             metadata,
             is_wildcard,
+            short_name_lc,
             default_path_segments,
             versioned_path_segments,
         }
@@ -456,7 +483,7 @@ impl ResolvedEntry {
     /// Returns the versioned segments if `api_version` matches, otherwise
     /// the default segments.  This avoids per-call `split('.')` for both
     /// default and versioned scalar alias navigation.
-    pub fn select_path_segments(&self, api_version: Option<&str>) -> &[String] {
+    pub(crate) fn select_path_segments(&self, api_version: Option<&str>) -> &[Rc<str>] {
         if let Some(ver) = api_version {
             for (i, (v, _)) in self.versioned_paths.iter().enumerate() {
                 if v.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ver) {

src/languages/azure_policy/compiler/core.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use crate::rvm::program::{Program, SpanInfo};
 use crate::rvm::Instruction;
 use crate::{Rc, Value};
 
+use crate::languages::azure_policy::aliases::AliasRegistry;
 use crate::languages::azure_policy::ast::PolicyRule;
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -44,10 +45,9 @@ pub(super) struct Compiler {
     pub(super) cached_input_reg: Option<u8>,
     /// Cached register for `LoadContext` — allocated once on first use.
     pub(super) cached_context_reg: Option<u8>,
-    /// Map from lowercase fully-qualified alias name → short name.
-    pub(super) alias_map: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-    /// Map from lowercase fully-qualified alias name → modifiable flag.
-    pub(super) alias_modifiable: BTreeMap<String, bool>,
+    /// Alias registry for resolving fully-qualified alias names.
+    /// Shared via `Rc` to avoid cloning the 73K-entry alias maps.
+    pub(super) alias_registry: Option<Rc<AliasRegistry>>,
     /// Default values for policy parameters.
     pub(super) parameter_defaults: Option<Value>,
     /// Cached literal-table index for `parameter_defaults` (or an empty object
@@ -338,8 +338,13 @@ impl Compiler {
         path: &str,
         span: &crate::lexer::Span,
     ) -> Result<String> {
+        let alias_map = match &self.alias_registry {
+            Some(reg) => reg.alias_map(),
+            None => return Ok(path.to_string()),
+        };
+
         let lc = path.to_ascii_lowercase();
-        if let Some(short) = self.alias_map.get(&lc) {
+        if let Some(short) = alias_map.get(&lc) {
             let resolved = short.clone();
             let result = Self::strip_fq_prefix(&resolved).to_ascii_lowercase();
             return Ok(result);
@@ -348,7 +353,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         // Fallback: derive array path from a corresponding `[*]` alias.
         if !lc.contains("[*]") {
             let wildcard_key = alloc::format!("{}[*]", lc);
-            if let Some(short) = self.alias_map.get(&wildcard_key) {
+            if let Some(short) = alias_map.get(&wildcard_key) {
                 let resolved = Self::strip_fq_prefix(short).to_ascii_lowercase();
                 if let Some(base) = resolved.strip_suffix("[*]") {
                     return Ok(base.to_string());
@@ -356,14 +361,14 @@ impl Compiler {
             }
         }
 
-        if !self.alias_map.is_empty() && !self.alias_fallback_to_raw {
+        if !alias_map.is_empty() && !self.alias_fallback_to_raw {
             bail!(span.error(&alloc::format!(
                 "unknown alias '{}': field references must use fully-qualified alias names when an alias catalog is loaded",
                 path
             )));
         }
 
-        if self.alias_map.is_empty() {
+        if alias_map.is_empty() {
             Ok(path.to_string())
         } else {
             let result = Self::strip_fq_prefix(path).to_ascii_lowercase();